Nyāyabinduprakaraṇa with Vinītadeva's Nyāyabinduvistaraṭīkā (with commentary) · Chapter 2

pradarśakaṃ pratyakṣam tasmād dṛṣṭatayā jñātaḥ pratyakṣadarśitaḥ | anumānaṃ tu liṅgadarśanānniścinvat pravṛttidiṣayaṃ darśayati |
tathā ca pratyakṣaṃ partibhāsamānaṃ niyatamarthadarśayati | anumānaṃ ca liṅgasambaddhaṃ niyatamartha darśayati | ata ete niyatasyārthasya pradarśake | tena te pramāe, nānyad vijñānam |
prāptuṃ śakyamarthamādarśayat prāpakam | prāpakatvācca pramāṇam |
ābhyāṃ pramāṇābhyāmanyena ca jñānena darśito 'rthaḥ kaścid atyanta vipartyastaḥ, yathā- marīcikāsu jalamḥ sa cāsatvāt prāptumaśakyaḥ | kaścidaniyato bhāvābhāvayoḥ, yathā- saṃśayārthaḥ | na ca bhāvābhāvābhyāṃ yukto 'rtho jagatyastiḥ tataḥ prāptumaśakyastādṛśaḥ |
vyāpāraḥ tavataiva puruṣasya pravṛtteḥ | ato dvitīyādīnāmatraivārthe 'dhiko vyāpāro nāstīti | adhigatagantṛtvādaprāmāṇyamityarthaḥ | pravartitaḥ puruṣa iti | pravartanayogyatvāt pravartita ityucyate | prāpaṇayogyatvāt prāpitaḥ | evam sāmānyena saṃvādakaṃ samyagjñānaṃ pratipādya viśeṣeṇa ca pratyakṣānumāne svavyāpāraṃ kurvatī samyagjñāne bhavata iti darśayannāha- tatra yo 'rtha ityādinā | tatra tayormadhye pratyakṣasya vyāpāraṃ darśayati | dṛṣṭatvena jñāto dṛṣṭatvena niścitaḥ | vikalpenānugamyata iti | tatpṛṣṭhabhāvinā vikalpe nāvasīyate | etaduktaṃ bhavati- pratibhāsamānārthavyavasāyaṃ kurvat pratyakṣaṃ pramāṇaṃ samvādakanityarthaḥ | anumānaṃ tvityādinā anumānasya pravṛttiviṣayaṃ darśayati | liṅgadarśanam=liṅgajñānam | tacca vahnayavyabhivāridhūmaniścayanaṃ sāmānyena sādhyābinābhāvi ca smaraṇajñānam | yathā dhūmaṃpratyakṣeṇa gṛhītvā sarvatra ayaṃ vahnijaḥ iti smaraṇam | tasmālliṅgajñānānniścinvat pravṛttiviṣayaṃ darśayati | tadanumānaṃ viśiṣṭasambandhena yadudeti jñānam, yathā atratyo dhūmo vahnijaḥ iti jānam | etaduktaṃ bhavati- pratyakṣasyasvaviṣayaniścayajananavyāpāro 'bhinnaḥ, anumānasya tuliṅgadarśanāt svaviṣaye niścayātmanotpattireva niścayavyāpāra iti |
tathā ce yādinā anayordaśitaṃ vyāpāraṃ spaṣṭayati | ata ete pramāṇe nānyadvijñānam ityevaṃ bruvatā ete eva samyagjñāne nānyāni śabdādīni | teṣāṃ niyatārthānupadarśakatvā diti samyagjñānasya pravṛttirdaśitā | yathaite pramāṇe, saśayādijñānaṃ na tathā pramāṇam |
prāptu śakyamtyādinā darśayati | etaduktaṃ bhavati- yathā pratyakṣānumāne svenasvena pramāṇenopadarśitārthasya prāpake, na tathā saṃśayaviparyayajñāneḥ tathabhūtasyārthasyā bhāvāditi | sarveṇa cāliṅgajena vikalpena vinyāmakamadṛṣṭvā pravṛttena bhavābhāvayo raniyata evārtho darśayitavyaḥ | sa ca prāptumaśakyaḥ |
tasmādaśakyaprāpaṇam- atyantaviparītam, bhāvābhāvāniyataṃ cārtha darśa yat apramāṇam anyad vijñānam |
arthakriyārthibhiśca arthakriyāsamarthavastuprāptinimittaṃ jñānaṃ mṛgyate | yacca tairmṛgyate tadeva śāstre vicāryate | tato 'rthakriyāvastupradarśakaṃ samyagjñānam |
yacca tena pradarśitaṃ yadeva prāpaṇīyam | arthādhigamātmakaṃ hi prāpakam- ityuktam | tatra pradarśitādanyad vastu bhinnākāram, bhinnakālam, bhinnadeśaṃ ca | viruddhadharmasaṃsargāddhi anyad vastu | deśakālākārabhedasca viruddhadharmasaṃsargaḥ |
yasmādanyākāravadvastugrāhi nākārāntaravati vastuni pramāṇam yathā prītaśaṅkhagrāhi śukle śaṅkha | deśāntarasthagrāhi ca na deśāntarasthe pramāṇam yathā- kuñcikāvivaradiśasthāyāṃ maṇiprabhāyāṃ maṇigrāhi jñānaṃ nāpavarakasye maṇau | kālāntarayyuktagrāhi ca na kālāntaravarti vastuni pramāṇam yathā ardharātre madhyāhnakālavastugrāhi svapnajñānaṃ ardharātrakāle vastuni pramāṇam |
nanu ca mā bhūt saṃśaryāvaparyajñanayoḥ prāmāṇyam, tathābhūtasyārthasyāsattvāditiḥ yat punaḥ iha kūpe jalam iti jñānaṃ tat pramāṇāntaraṃ kimiti na bhavati? na tāvat pratyakṣam, tatra jalasya parokṣatvāt nāpyanumānam, liṅgābhāvāt nāpi saṃśayarūpam, ubhayāṃśābhāvāt nāpi viparītam, viparītārthābhāvāt? ityāśaṅkayāha- sarveṇa cāliṅgajenetyādi |
evaṃ manyate- yadayapi sākṣāt saṃśayajñānaṃ na pratīyate, yastu saṃśayavikalpakasya jñānasya iha kūpe jalam ityevañjātīyasyaḥ tathāpi niyāmakaṃ liṅgamantareṇa tadapramāṇam, niyatārthāpariccedāt | tataścāyamarthaḥ- syāt kadācit kūpe jalam iti taccaivaṃ svarūpam, tat saṃśayajñānamevetyapramāṇam | yat punastatra pravṛttena kadācijjalaṃ labhayate tajjñānāntarāditi viniścayaṭīkāyāṃ pratipāditam |
nanu ca yadayapi saṃśayādīnāmupadarśitasyārthasya prāpakatvaṃ nāsti, kiṃ tāni na vyutpādayante? ityāha- arthakriyārthibhiścetyādi | puruṣārthasiddhāvanupayogagādityabhiprāyaḥ |
nanu ca yadapyupadarśitārthaprāpaṇāt pramāṇaṃ samyagjñānam, śuklaśaṅkhe pītajñānam, kuñcikāvivare maṇiprabhāyāṃ maṇijñānam, ardharatre madhyāhnakālavastugrāhi svapnajñānaṃ
nanu ca deśaniyatam, ākāraniyataṃ ca prāpayitu śakyam yatkālaṃ tu pariccinnaṃ tatkālaṃ na śakyaṃ prāpayitum? nocyate- yasminneva kāle pariccidayate tasminneva kāle prāpayitavyamiti, ayo hi darśanakālaḥ, anyaśca prāptikālaḥ, kintu yatkālaṃ pariccinnaṃ tadeva tena prāpaṇīyam | abhedādhyavasayācca santānagatamekatvaṃ draṣṭavyamiti |
samayagjñānaṃ pūrva kāraṇaṃ yasyāḥsā yathoktā | kāryāt pūrva bhavat kāraṇaṃ pūrvamuktam | kāraṇaśabdopādāne tu pruṣārthasiddhaḥ sākṣāt kāraṇaṃ gamyeta | pūrvaśabde pūrvamātram |
dvividhaṃ ca samyagjñānam, arthakriyānirbhāsam, arthakriyāasmarthe ca pravartakam | tayormadhye yat pravartakaṃ tadiha parikṣayate | tacca pūrvamātram, na tu sākṣāt kāraṇam | samyagjñāne hi sati pūrvadṛṣṭasmaraṇam, smaraṇādabhilāṣaḥ abhilāṣāt pravṛttiḥ, pravatteśca prāptiḥ | tato na sākṣād hetuḥ |
ca pramāṇaṃ prāpnotītyebhirupadaśitasyārthamātrasya prāpteḥ, tataśca samyagjñānamityāśaṅkayāha- arthādhigamātmakaṃ hītyādi | evaṃ manyate- ebhirupadarśitasyārthasya pītākārasya kuñjikāvivarasthasya maṇairniyatadeśasya, niyatakālasya cardharātre 'prāpaṇāt, deśakālavyatiriktasyāvayavāderabhāvāt | ata eva tānyapramāṇānyeva, na samyagjñānānīti | yadayapyetānyabhrāntagrahaṇasya vyāvarttyāni tatraivābhrāntagrahaṇaprastāve darśayitavyāni, tathāpīha samyajñānavyāvartyaprastāvāt kathitānītyadoṣaḥ |

nanu cetyādi | evaṃ manyate codakaḥ- deśākrābhyāṃ niyatasya prāptuṃ śakyatvāda bhavatvanyākārasyānyadeśasya ca prāptāvapramāṇam, na tvanyakālasya, niyata kālasya cāprāpteḥ kṣaṇikatvāda bhagavānām | tataśca yathā satyanīle nīlajñānasyānyo grāhyakālo 'nyaśca prāpyakālaḥ, atha ca kālabhede 'pi prāmāṇyam, tathā svapanajñānasyārtharātropadarśitaṃ madhyāhnakālaputraprāpaṇasya prāmāṇyaṃ bhaviṣyatīti |
nocyate ityādinā siddhāntavādī tvevaṃ manyate- satyaṃ kṣaṇabhedena vastuno bhedo 'styevaḥ kintu kṣaṇāpekṣayā na prāmānyalakṣaṇamucyate, api tu santānāpekṣayā | tataśca nīlādo ya eva santānaḥ pariccinno nīlajñānena, sa eva tena prāpitaḥ | tena pramāṇaṃ nīlajñānam | na tathā sthūlakālabhedena pradarśitasya putrasya svaptnajñānam | na prāptikālabhedenaḥ, santānaikādhyavasāyāyogāt | santānagatamekatvaṃ draṣṭavyamityanena niścayapravṛttyorhetuhetumadbhāvaṃ darśayati | sa ca hetuhetusadbhāvaḥ kathaṃ bhavati, yadi santānāpekṣayā prāmāṇyamavatiṣṭhate, na alkṣaṇāpekṣayeti
samyagjñānaṃ pūrvaṃ kāraṇaṃ yasyā iti | kathaṃ pūrvaśabdaḥ kāraṇe vartate? ityāha- kāryādityādi | kāraṇaśabda eva kasmānnakṛtaḥ? ityāha- kāraṇaśabda ityādi | kima arthakriyānirbhāsaṃ tu yadyapi sākṣātprāptiḥ tathāpi tanna parīkṣyam | yatraiva hi prekṣāvanto 'rthinaḥ sāśaṅkāḥ, yat parīkṣyate | arthakriyānirbhāse ca jñāte sati siddhaḥ puruṣārthaḥ, tena tatra na sāśaṅkā arthinaḥ | atastanna parīkṣaṇīyam | tasmāt parīkṣārhamasākṣāt kāraṇaṃ samyagjñānamādarśayituṃ kāraṇaśabdaṃ parityajya pūrvagrahaṇaṃ kṛtam |
puruṣasyārthaḥ puruṣārthaḥ | arthyate iti arthaḥ, kāmyate iti yāvat | heyo 'rthaḥ, upādeyo vā | heyo hyartho hātumiṣyate, upādeyo 'pi upādātum | na ca heyopādeyābhyāmanyo rāśirasti | upekṣaṇīyo hyanupādeyatvād heya nantakāraṇaṃ jñānaṃ bhavati, yadapekṣayā vyavahitasya grahaṇārtha pūrvaśabdagrahaṇa kṛtam? ityāha- dvividhānityādi |
nanu kimucyate arthakriyānirbhāsaṃ jñānamanantaraṃ kāraṇam, nahi tat kāraṇajñānam, evaṃm tuyujyate vaktum- yat sādhananirbhāsyanantaraṃ jñānamarthakriyānirbhāsajñānamupajanayati, tat sādhanajñānamanantarakāraṇamityucyate, tadevātrābhipretamarthakriyānirbhāsaśabdena | katham? arthakriyāyā nirbhāsaḥ= pratibimbanam, tadākārajñānotpattiryasmādanantarajñānāt tat sādhanajñānam, tadarthakriyānirbhāsaṃ sādhanajñānam | evamatrāpi samāsaḥ kartavyaḥ | athavā- arthakriyājñānamevānantarakāraṇam, tat prāpitaheyopādayānuṣṭhāan vyavhārāpekṣayā pravartakamiti vyavahitaṃ sādhananirbhāsajñānam |
yadyevama, anantarameva kimiti na parīkṣayate? ityāha- aytraiva hītyādi | yatraiva jñāne 'rthakriyāsamarthavastupravartaka puruṣasya sandehaḥ, tadeva parīkṣyate | na cānantarasādhanajñāne sandehaḥ tadanantaraṃ sukhaḥdukhapratibhāsajñānodayāt | tayoranubhave sati sādhanajñānāt pravatituṃ vā yujyata iti na praikṣārham | yadvā- arthakriyānirbhāsasyānayā yuktyā na parīkṣārhatvamiti |
arthyata ityādi | artha yācñāyām ityasya karmaṇi ghañ | aryate ityapi draṣṭavyam | upalakṣaṇatvādasyārterauṇādikaḥ sthanpratyayaḥ |
heyo 'rtha ityādinā vinītadevasya vyākhyā dūṣitā | tena hya vaṃ vyākayātam arthaśabdena prayojanamucyate,puruṣasya prayojanaṃ dārupākādi, tasya siddhirniṣpattiḥ iti | taccāyuktam yasmādarthasya dārupākāderna samyagjñānānniṣpattiḥ, kiṃ tarhi? svahetoreva vahnayādeḥ dharmottaravyākhyāne tu heyopādeyārthaviṣayā yā siddhiḥ= anuṣṭhitiḥ, sā samyagjñānapūrviketi na doṣaḥ | amumevārtha darśayiṣyati heyasya ca hānamanuṣthānam iti |
nanu ca heyopādeyāgbhyāmanyo 'pyupekṣaṇī'sti, tasya kimiti na kathanam? eva | tasy asiddhiḥ- hānam, upādānaṃ ca | hetunibandhanā hi siddhiutpattirucyate | jñānanibandhanā tu siddhiranuṣthānam | heyasya ca hānamanuṣṭhānam, upādeyasya copādānam | tato heyopādeyayorhānopādānalakṣaṇānuṣṭhitiḥ siddhirucyate |
sarvā cāsau puruṣārthasiddhiśceti | sarvaśabda iha dravyakārtsnye vṛttaḥ, na tu prakārakātsnrye | tato nāyamarthaḥ- dviprakārāpi siddhiḥ samyagjñānanibandhanaiveti | api tvayamarthaḥ- yā kācit siddhiḥ sā sarvā kṛtsnaivāsau samyagjñānanibandhaneti | mithyājñānāddhi kākatālīyāpi nārstyarthasiddhiḥ | tathā hi yadi pradarśitamartha prāpayati, evaṃ tato bhavatyarthasiddhiḥ | pradarśitaṃ ca prāpayat samyagjñānameva | pradarśitaṃ cāprāpayat miethyajñānam aprāpakaṃ ca kathamarthasiddhinibandhanaṃ syāt tasmād yanmithyājñānaṃ na tato 'rthasiddhiḥ | yatasccārthasiddhistat samyagjñānameva | ata eva samyagjñānaṃ yatnato vyutpādanīyam yatastadeva puruṣārthasiddhinibandhanam |
tato yāvadū brūyāta-yā kācit puruṣārthasiddhiḥ sā samyagjñānanibandhanaiveti, tāvaduktam- sarvā sā samyagjñānapūrviketi | itiśabdaḥ tasmādityasminnartha yattadośca nityamabhisambandhaḥ | tadayamarthaḥ- yasmāt samyagityāha- na ca heyetyādi | evaṃ manyate- satyamasti, kintu tasyānupādeyatvād heyatvameveti na pṛthakkathanam | tena yaduktaṃ kaiścit- heyopādeyayoḥ puruṣārthopayogitvāt kathanam, upekṣaṇīyasya tadviparyamānna kathanam iti, tat pratyuktam | amymevārtha vyācaṣṭe uttareṇa granthena |
sarvaśabda ityādinā ṭīkākṛtāṃ vyākhyāṃ dūṣayati | vinītadeva śāntabhadrābhyāmevamāśaṅkaya vyākhyātam | kathamāśaṅkitam? natu sarvā hānopādānārthasiddhiḥ samyag, jñānādeva, api tu mithyājñānādapiv kākatālīyetyāśaṅkaya parihutam | satyamasti kintvevaṃ vyākhyāyate- sarvaśabdho 'yaṃ prakāravācī | tenāyamarthaḥ- sarvapuruṣārthasiddhiḥ dviprakārā hānopādānārthasiddhilakṣaṇā, laukikalokottarārthasiddhilakṣaṇā samyagjñānanibandhanā bāhulyeneti | tad dūṣitam yasmāt sarvaśabdo 'tra draṣṭavyaḥ, kātsnrye varatte, sarva brahmaṇā sṛṣṭam iti, tenāyamarthaḥ- yavattī kṛtsnārthasiddhirhānopādānalakṣaṇā, sarvā samyagjñānādeva, na mithyājñānādaprārthaptyasiddheriti |
amumevārthamanantareṇa granthena darśayati | dviprakārāpītyādinā paravyākhyāṃ darśayati | api tvayamartha ityādinātmīyāṃ vyākhyām |
tato yāvad brūyādityādinopasaṃhāravyājenevaśabdena prayuktenāvadhāraṇārthavācinā yāvānarthastāvāneva sarvaśabdena prayuktena kṛtsnārthavācinā bhavatīti darśayati |
2 dvividhaṃ samyagjñānam ||
tacca samyagjñānaṃ vipratipatticatuṣṭayanirākaraṇena yathārthato jñāyate | vipratipatticatuṣṭayaṃ tu- 1 saṃkhyāvipratipattiḥ, 2 svarūpavipratipattiḥ, 3 viṣayavipratipattiḥ, 4 phalavipratipattiśceti |

tatra saṃkhyāvipratipattiḥ- keṣāñcidekamiti, yathā bārhaspatyānām | keṣāñcit trīṇoti, yathā sāṅkhayānām | naiyāyikānāṃ catvāri | mīmāṃsakānāṃ ca ṣaḍiti |
jñānapūrvikā sarvapuruṣārthasiddhiḥ tasmāt tat samyagjñānaṃ vyupādayate |
yadayapi ca samāse guṇībhūtaṃ samyagjñānam, tathāpīha prakaraṇe vyutpādayitavyatvāt pradhānam, tatastasyaiva taccabdena sambandhaḥ |
vyutpādayate iti | vipratipattinirākaraṇena pratipādayate