Śivapurāṇa, Books 1 and 7 · Chapter 1.17
iti śrīśivamahāpurāṇe vidyeśvarasaṃhitāyāṃ ṣoḍaśo 'dhyāyaḥ
Chapter 17
ṛṣaya ūcuḥ
praṇavasyacamāhātmyaṃṣaḍliṃgasyamahāmune
śivabhaktasyapūjāṃcakramaśobrūhinaḥprabho
sūta uvāca
tapodhanairbhavadbhiśca samyakpraśnastvayaṃ kṛtaḥ
asyottaraṃmahādevojānātismanacāparaḥ
athāpivakṣyetamahaṃśivasyakṛpayaivahi
śivo 'smākaṃcayuṣmākaṃrakṣāṃgṛhṇātubhūriśaḥ
prohiprakṛtijātasyasaṃsārasyamahodadheḥ
navaṃ nāvāṃtaramiti praṇavaṃ vai vidurbudhāḥ
praḥprapañconanāstivo yuṣmākaṃpraṇavaṃviduḥ
prakarṣeṇanayedyasmānmokṣaṃvaḥ praṇavaṃ viduḥ
svajāpakānāṃyogināṃsvamaṃtrapūjakasyaca
sarvakarmakṣayaṃkṛtvādivyajñānaṃtunūtanam
tameva māyārahitaṃ nūtanaṃ paricakṣate
prakarṣeṇa mahātmānaṃ navaṃ śuddhasvarūpakam
nūtanaṃ vai karotīti praṇavaṃ taṃ vidurbudhāḥ
praṇavaṃdvividhaṃproktaṃsūkṣmasthūlavibhedataḥ
sūkṣmamekākṣaraṃ vidyātsthūlaṃ pañcākṣaraṃ viduḥ
sūkṣmamavyaktapañcārṇaṃ suvyaktārṇaṃ tathetarat
jīvanmuktasya sūkṣmaṃ hi sarvasāraṃ hi tasyahi
maṃtreṇārthānusaṃdhānaṃ svadehavilayāvadhi
svadehegalitepūrṇaṃśivaṃprāpnotiniścayaḥ
kevalaṃmaṃtrajāpītuyogaṃprāpnotiniścayaḥ
ṣaṭtriṃśatkoṭijāpītuniścayaṃyogamāpnuyāt
sūkṣmaṃcadvividhaṃjñeyaṃhrasvadīrghavibhedataḥ
akāraśca ukāraścamakāraścatataḥparam
biṃdunādayutaṃ taddhi śabdakālakalānvitam
dīrghapraṇavamevaṃhiyogināmevahṛdgatam
makāraṃtaṃtritattvaṃ hi hrasvapraṇava ucyate
śivaḥśaktistayoraikyaṃmakāraṃtutrikātmakam
hrasvamevaṃhijāpyaṃsyātsarvapāpakṣayaiṣiṇām
bhūvāyukanakārṇodyoḥśabdādyāścatathādaśa
āśānvayedaśapunaḥ pravṛttā itikathyate
hrasvamevapravṛttānāṃnivṛttānāṃtudīrghakam
vyāhṛtyādaucamaṃtrādaukāmaṃśabdakalāyutam
vedādaucaprayojyaṃsyādvaṃdanesaṃdhyayorapi
navakauṭijapāñjaptvāsaṃśuddhaḥpuruṣobhavet
punaścanavakoṭyātupṛthivījayamāpnuyāt
punaścanavakoṭyātuhyapāṃjayamavāpnuyāt
punaścanavakoṭyātutejasāṃjayamāpnuyāt
punaścanavakoṭyā tu vāyorjayamavāpnuyāt
ākāśajayamāpnoti navakoṭijapena vai
gaṃdhādīnāṃkrameṇaivanavakoṭijapeṇavai
ahaṃkārasya ca punarnava koṭijapena vai
sahasramaṃtrajaptena nityaśuddho bhavetpumān
tataḥ paraṃsvasiddhyarthaṃjapobhavatihidvijāḥ
evamaṣṭottaraśatakoṭijaptenavaipunaḥ
praṇavenaprabuddhastuśuddhayogamavāpnuyāt
śuddhayogenasaṃyuktojīvanmuktonasaṃśayaḥ
sadājapansadādhyāyañchivaṃ praṇavarūpiṇam
samādhisthomahāyogīśiva eva nasaṃśayaḥ
ṛṣicchaṃdodevatādinyasyadehepunarjapet
praṇavaṃ mātṛkāyuktaṃdehetyasya ṛṣirbhavet
daśamātṛṣaḍadhvādi sarvaṃnyāsaphalaṃ labhet
pravṛttānāṃ camiśrāṇāṃsthūlapraṇavamiṣyate
kriyātapojapairyuktāstrividhāḥ śivayoginaḥ
dhanādivibhavaiścaivakarādyaṃgairnamādibhiḥ
kriyayā pūjayāyuktaḥkriyāyogīti kathyate
pūjāyuktaścamitabhugbāhyaṃdriyajayānvitaḥ
paradrohādirahitastapoyogīti kathyate
etairyuktaḥsadākruddhaḥsarvakāmādivarjitaḥ
sadājapaparaḥśāṃtojapayogīti taṃviduḥ
upacāraiḥ ṣoḍaśabhiḥ pūjayā śivayoginām
sālokyādikrameṇaivaśuddhomuktiṃlabhennaraḥ
japayogamathovakṣyegadataḥ śṛṇutadvijāḥ
tapaḥkarturjapaḥ proktoyajjamanparimārjate
śivanāmanamaḥpūrvaṃcaturthyāṃpañcatattvakam
sthūlapraṇavarūpaṃ hi śivapañcākṣaraṃ dvijāḥ
pañcākṣarajapenaiva sarvasiddhiṃ labhennaraḥ
praṇavenādisaṃyuktaṃsadāpañcākṣaraṃjapet
gurūpadeśaṃsaṃgamyasukhavāsesubhūtale
pūrvapakṣesamārabhyakṛṣṇabhūtāvadhidvijāḥ
māghaṃbhādraṃviśiṣṭaṃtusarvakālottamottamam
ekavāraṃmitāśītuvāgyatoniyateṃdriyaḥ
svasyarājapitḥṇāṃcaśuśrūṣaṇaṃcanityaśaḥ
sahasrajapamātreṇabhavecchuddho 'nyathā ṛṇī
pañcākṣaraṃpañcalakṣaṃjapecchivamanusmaran
padmāsanasthaṃśivadaṃgaṃgācaṃdrakalānvitam
vāmorusthitaśaktyācavirājaṃtaṃmahāgaṇaiḥ
mṛgaṭaṃkadharaṃdevaṃvaradābhayapāṇikam
sadānugrahakartāraṃ sadāśivamanusmaran
saṃpūjyamanasā pūrvaṃhṛdivāsūryamaṃḍale
japetpañcākṣarīṃvidyāṃprāṅmukhaḥ śuddhakarmakṛt
prātaḥkṛṣṇacaturdaśyāṃ nityakarmasamāpyaca
manorameśucaudeśeniyataḥ śuddhamānasaḥ
pañcākṣarasyamaṃtrasya sahasraṃdvādaśaṃjapet
varayeccasapatnīkāñchaivānvaibrāhmaṇottamān
ekaṃguruvaraṃśiṣṭaṃvarayetsāṃbamūrtikam
īśānaṃcāthapuruṣamaghoraṃvāmameva ca
sadyojātaṃ capañcaivaśivabhaktāndvijottamān
pūjādravyāṇisaṃpādyaśivapūjāṃsamārabhet
śivapūjāṃcavidhivatkṛtvāhomaṃsamārabhet
mukhāṃtaṃ ca svasūtreṇakṛtyāhomaṃsamārabhet
daśaikaṃvāśataikaṃvāsahasraikamathāpivā
kāpilenaghṛtenaivajuhuyātsvayamevahi
kārayecchivabhaktairvāpyaṣṭottaraśataṃbudhaḥ
homānte dakṣiṇādeyāgurorgomithunaṃ tathā
īśānādisvarūpāṃstānguruṃsāṃbaṃvibhāvya ca
teṣāṃ patsiktatoyenasvaśiraḥ snānamācaret
ṣaṭtriṃśatkoṭitīrtheṣusadyaḥsnānaphalaṃlabhet
daśāṃgamannaṃteṣāṃ vaidadyādvaibhaktipūrvakam
parābuddhyāguroḥ patnīmīśānādikrameṇa tu
paramānnenasaṃpūjyayathāvibhavavistaram
rudrākṣavastrapūrvaṃcavaṭakāpūpakairyutam
balidānaṃtataḥ kṛtvābhūribhojanamācaret
tataḥ saṃprārthyadeveśaṃjapaṃtāvatsamāpayet
puraścaraṇamevaṃtukṛtvāmantrībhavennaraḥ
punaścapañca lakṣeṇasarvapāpakṣayobhavet
atalādisamārabhyasatyalokāvadhikramāt
pañcalakṣajapāttattallokaiśvaryamavāpnuyāt
madhyemṛtaścedbhogāṃtebhūmautajjāpakobhavet
punaścapañcalakṣeṇabrahmasāmīpyamāpnuyāt
punaścapañcalakṣeṇa sārūpyaiśvaryamāpnuyāt
āhatyaśatalakṣeṇasākṣādbrahmasamobhavet
kāryabrahmaṇa evaṃ hi sāyujyaṃpratipadya vai
yatheṣṭaṃbhogamāpnotitadbrahmapralayāvadhi
punaḥ kalpāṃtarevṛtte brahmaputraḥ sajāyate
punaścatapasādīptaḥkramānmuktobhaviṣyati
pṛthvyādikāryabhūtebhyolokāvainirmitāḥkramāt
pātālādi ca satyāṃtaṃbrahmalokāścaturdaśa
satyādūrdhvaṃkṣamāṃtaṃvaiviṣṇulokāścaturdaśa
kṣamalokekāryaviṣṇurvaikuṃṭhevarapattane
kāryalakṣmyāmahābhogirakṣāṃkṛtvā 'dhitiṣṭhati
tadūrdhvagāścāśucyaṃtālokāṣṭāviṃśatiḥ sthitāḥ
śucauloketukailāserudrovaibhūtahṛtsthitaḥ
ṣaḍuttarāścapañcāśadahiṃsāṃtāstadūrdhvagāḥ
ahiṃsālokamāsthāyajñānakailāsakepure
kāryeśvarastirobhāvaṃsarvānkṛtvādhitiṣṭhati
tadaṃtekālacakraṃhikālātītastataḥparam
śivenādhiṣṭhitastatrakālaścakreśvarāhvayaḥ
māhiṣaṃ dharmamāsthāyasarvānkālena yuṃjati
asatyaścāśuciścaiva hiṃsācaivāthanirghṛṇā
asatyādicatuṣpādaḥsarvāṃśaḥ kāmarūpadhṛk
nāstikyalakṣmīrduḥsaṃgovedabāhyadhvaniḥsadā
krodhasaṃgaḥkṛṣṇavarṇomahāmahiṣaveṣavān
tāvanmaheśvaraḥproktastirodhāstāvadeva hi
tadarvākkarmabhogo hi tadūrdhvaṃjñānabhogakam
tadarvākkarma māyāhijñānamāyā tadūrdhvakam
mā lakṣmīḥ karmabhogovaiyātimāyetikathyate
mā lakṣmīrjñānabhogovaiyātimāyetikathyate
tadūrdhvaṃnityabhogohitadarvāṅnaśvaraṃviduḥ
tadarvākcatirodhānaṃtadūrdhvaṃnatirodhanam
tadarvākpāśabaṃdhohitadūrdhvaṃnahibaṃdhanam
tadarvākparivartaṃtekāmyakarmānusāriṇaḥ
niṣkāmakarmabhogastutadūrdhvaṃparikīrtitaḥ
tadarvākparivartaṃtebiṃdupūjāparāyaṇāḥ
tadūrdhvaṃhivrajaṃtyevaniṣkāmāliṃgapūjakāḥ
tadarvākparivartaṃtaṃśivānyasurapūjakāḥ
śivaikaniratāye ca tadūrdhvaṃsaṃprayāṃtite
tadarvāgjīvakoṭiḥsyāttadūrdhvaṃparakoṭikāḥ
sāṃsārikāstadarvākca muktāḥ khalu tadūrdhvagāḥ
tadarvākparivartaṃte prākṛtadravyapūjakāḥ
tadūrdhvaṃhivrajaṃtyetepauruṣadravyapūjakāḥ
tadarvākchaktiliṃgaṃ tu śivaliṃgaṃ tadūrdhvakam
tadarvāgāvṛtaṃ liṃgaṃ tadūrdhvaṃ hi nirāvṛti
tadarvākkalpitaṃ liṃgaṃ tadūrdhvaṃ vai na kalpitam
tadarvāgbāhyaliṃgaṃ syādaṃtaraṃgaṃ tadūrdhvakam // ŚivP_1,17. 78ab/
tadarvākchaktilokā hi śataṃ vai dvādaśādhikam
tadarvāgbiṃdurūpaṃ hi nādarūpaṃ taduttaram
tadarvākkarmalokastu tadūrdhvaṃ jñānalokakaḥ
namaskārastadūrdhvaṃhimadāhaṃkāranāśanaḥ
janijaṃtirodhānaṃnāniṣiddhyātate iti
jñānaśabdārtha evaṃ hi tirodhānanivāraṇāt
tadarvākparivartaṃtehyādhibhautikapūjakāḥ
ādhyātmikārcakā eva tadūrdhvaṃsaṃprayāṃtivai
tāvadvaivedibhāgaṃtanmahālokātmaliṃgake
prakṛtyādyaṣṭabaṃdhopivedyaṃtesaṃpratiṣṭhataḥ
evametādṛśaṃjñeyaṃsarvaṃlaukikavaidikam
adharmamahiṣārūḍhaṃkālacakraṃtaraṃtite
satyādidharmayuktāyeśivapūjāparāścaye
tadūrdhvaṃvṛṣabhodharmobrahmacaryasvarūpadhṛk
satyādipādayuktastuśivalokāgrataḥsthitaḥ
kṣamāśṛṅgaḥ śamaśrotro vedadhvanivibhūṣitaḥ
āstikyacakṣurniśvāsagurubuddhimanā vṛṣaḥ
kriyādivṛṣabhā jñeyāḥ kāraṇādiṣu sarvadā
taṃ kriyāvṛṣabhaṃ dharmaṃ kālātītodhitiṣṭhati
brahmaviṣṇumaheśānāṃ svasvāyurdinamucyate
tadūrdhvaṃ na dinaṃ rātrirna janmamaraṇādikam // ŚivP_1,17. 88cd/
punaḥ kāraṇasatyāṃtāḥ kāraṇabrahmaṇastathā
gaṃdhādibhyastu bhūtebhyastadūrdhvaṃ nirmitāḥ sadā
sūkṣmagaṃdhasvarūpāhisthitālokāścaturdaśa
punaḥ kāraṇaviṣṇorvaisthitā lokāścaturdaśa
punaḥkāraṇarudrasyalokāṣṭāviṃśakā matāḥ
punaścakāraṇeśasyaṣaṭpañcāśattadūrdhvagāḥ
tataḥ paraṃbrahmacaryalokākhyaṃ śivasaṃmatam
tatraivajñānakailāsepañcāvaraṇasaṃyute
pañcamaṃḍalasaṃyuktaṃpañcabrahmakalānvitam
ādiśaktisamāyuktamādiliṃgaṃtutatravai
śivālayamidaṃproktaṃśivasyaparamātmanaḥ
paraśaktyāsamāyuktastatraivaparameśvaraḥ
sṛṣṭiḥ sthitiścasaṃhārastirobhāvopyanugrahaḥ
pañcakṛtyapravīṇo 'sausaccidānaṃdavigrahaḥ
dhyānadharmaḥ sadāyasyasadānugrahatatparaḥ
samādhyāsanamāsīnaḥ svātmārāmovirājate
tasyasaṃdarśanaṃsāṃdhyaṃkarmadhyānādibhiḥ kramāt
nityādikarmayajanācchivakarmamatirbhavet
kriyādiśivakarmabhyaḥ śivajñānaṃprasādhayet
taddarśanagatāḥsarvemuktā eva nasaṃśayaḥ
muktirātmasvarūpeṇasvātmārāmatvamevahi
kriyātapojapajñānadhyānadharmeṣususthitaḥ
śivasyadarśanaṃlabdhāsvātmārāmatvamevahi
yathāraviḥsvakiraṇādaśuddhimapaneṣyati
kṛpāvicakṣaṇaḥśaṃbhurajñānamapaneṣyati
ajñānavinivṛttautuśivajñānaṃpravartate
śivajñānātsvasvarūpamātmārāmatvameṣyati
ātmārāmatvasaṃsiddhaukṛtakṛtyobhavennaraḥ
punaścaśatalakṣeṇabrahmaṇaḥpadamāpnuyāt
punaścaśatalakṣeṇaviṣṇoḥpadamavāpnuyāt
punaścaśatalakṣeṇarudrasyapadamāpnuyāt
punaśca śatalakṣeṇa aiśvaryaṃ padamāpnuyāt
punaścaivaṃvidhenaiva japena susamāhitaḥ
śivalokādibhūtaṃ hi kālacakramavāpnuyāt
kālacakraṃpañcacakramekaikenakramottare
sṛṣṭimohaubrahmacakraṃbhogamohautuvaiṣṇavam
kopamohauraudracakraṃbhramaṇaṃcaiśvaraṃviduḥ
śivacakraṃjñānamohaupañcacakraṃvidurbudhāḥ
punaścadaśakoṭyā hi kāraṇabrahmaṇaḥ padam
punaśca daśakoṭyāhitatpadaiśvaryamāpnuyāt
evaṃ krameṇa viṣṇvādeḥ padaṃlabdhvāmahaujasaḥ
krameṇatatpadaiśvaryaṃ labdhvācaivamahātmanaḥ
śatakoṭimanuṃ japtvā pañcottaramataṃdritaḥ
śivalokamavāpnotipañcamāvaraṇādbahiḥ
rājasaṃmaṃḍapaṃtatranaṃdīsaṃsthānamuttamam
taporūpaścavṛṣabhastatraivaparidṛśyate
sadyojātasyatatsthānaṃpañcamāvaraṇaṃparam
vāmadevasyacasthānaṃcaturthāvaraṇaṃpunaḥ
aghoranilayaṃpaścāttṛtīyāvaraṇaṃparam
puruṣasyaivasāṃbasyadvitīyāvaraṇaṃśubham
īśānasyaparasyaivaprathamāvaraṇaṃtataḥ
dhyānadharmasya ca sthānaṃpañcamaṃmaṃḍapaṃtataḥ
balināthasyasaṃsthānaṃtatrapūrṇāmṛtapradam
caturthaṃmaṃḍapaṃpaścāccaṃdraśekharamūrtimat
somaskaṃdasyacasthānaṃtṛtīyaṃmaṃḍapaṃparam
dvitīyaṃmaṃḍapaṃnṛtyamaṃḍapaṃprāhurāstikāḥ
prathamaṃmūlamāyāyāḥ sthānaṃtatraivaśobhanam
tataḥ paraṃ garbhagṛhaṃliṃgasthānaṃ paraṃ śubham
nandisaṃsthānataḥ paścānnaviduḥ śivavaibhavam
naṃdīśvarobahistiṣṭhanpañcākṣaramupāsate
evaṃ gurukramāllabdhaṃ naṃdīśācca mayāpunaḥ
tataḥ paraṃsvasaṃvedyaṃ śive naivānubhāvitam
śivasyakṛpayāsākṣācchivalokasyavaibhavam
vijñātuṃśakyate sarvairnānyathetyāhurāstikāḥ
evaṃkrameṇamuktāḥsyurbrāhmaṇāvaijiteṃdriyaḥ
anyeṣāṃ ca kramaṃvakṣye gadataḥ śṛṇutādarāt
gurūpadeśājjāpyaṃvaibrāhmaṇānāṃnamo 'ṃtakam
pañcākṣaraṃ pañcalakṣamāyuṣyaṃprajapedvidhiḥ
strītvāpanayanārthaṃtupañcalakṣaṃjapetpunaḥ
maṃtreṇapuruṣobhūtvākramānmuktobhavedbudhaḥ
kṣatriyaḥpañcalakṣeṇakṣattratvamapaneṣyati
punaścapañcalakṣeṇakṣattriyobrāhmaṇobhavet
maṃtrasiddhirjapāccaivakramānmuktobhavainnaraḥ
vaiśyastupañcalakṣeṇavaiśyatvamapaneṣyati
punaścapañcalakṣeṇamaṃtrakṣattriya ucyate
punaścapañcalakṣeṇa kṣattratvamapaneṣyati
punaścapañcalakṣeṇamaṃtrabrāhmaṇa ucyate
śūdraścaivanamoṃtena pañcaviṃśatilakṣataḥ
maṃtravipratvamāpadya paścācchuddho bhaveddvijaḥ
nārīvātha naro vātha brāhmaṇo vānya eva vā
namontaṃ vā namaḥ pūrvamāturaḥ sarvamāturaḥ sarvadā japet
tataḥ strīṇāṃtathaivohyagururnirdarśayetkramāt
sādhakaḥ pañcalakṣānte śivaprītyarthameva hi
mahābhiṣeka naivedyaṃ kṛtvā bhaktāṃśca pūjayet
pūjayā śivabhaktasya śivaḥ prītataro bhavet
śivasya śivabhaktasya bhedo nāsti śivo hi saḥ
śivasvarūpamaṃtrasyadhāraṇācchiva eva hi
śivabhaktaśarīre hi śivetatparamobhavet
śivabhaktāḥ kriyāḥ sarvā vedasarvakriyāṃviduḥ
yāvadyāvacchivaṃmaṃtraṃyenajaptaṃbhavetkramāt
tāvadvaiśivasānnidhyaṃ tasmindehe na saṃśayaḥ
devīliṃgaṃbhavedrūpaṃ śivabhaktastriyāstathā
yāvanmaṃtraṃjapeddevyāstāvatsānnidhyamasti hi
śivaṃsaṃpūjayeddhīmānsvayaṃvaiśabdarūpabhāk
svayaṃcaivaśivobhūtvāparāṃśaktiṃprapūjayet
śaktiṃberaṃcaliṃgaṃ ca hyālekhyāmāyayāyajet
śivaliṃgaṃ śivaṃmatvāsvātmānaṃśaktirūpakam
śaktiliṃgaṃcadevīṃcamatvāsvaṃśivarūpakam
śivaliṃgaṃnādarūpabiṃdurūpaṃtuśaktikam
upapradhānabhāvena anyonyāsaktaliṃgakam
pūjayecca śivaṃśaktisaśivomūlabhāvanāt
śivabhaktāñchivamatrarūpakāñchivarūpakān
ṣoḍaśairupacāraiścapūjayediṣṭamāpnuyāt
yenaśuśrūṣaṇādyaiśca śivabhaktasya liṃginaḥ
ānaṃdaṃjanayedvidvāñchivaḥprītataro bhavet
śivabhaktānsapatnīkānpatnyāsahasadaivatat
pūjayedbhojanādyaiścapañcavādaśavāśatam
dhanedehecamaṃtrecabhāvanāyāmavaṃcakaḥ
śivaśaktisvarūpeṇanapunarjāyate bhuvi
nābheradho brahmabhāgamākaṃṭhaṃviṣṇubhāgakam
mukhaṃliṃgamitiproktaṃśivabhaktaśarīrakam
mṛtāndāhādiyuktānvādāhādirahitānmṛtān
uddiśyapūjayedādipitaraṃśivamevahi
pūjāṃkṛtvādimātuścaśivabhaktāṃśca pūjayet
pitṛlokaṃsamāsādyakramānmuktobhavenmṛtaḥ
kriyāyuktadaśabhyaścatapoyuktoviśiṣyate
tapoyuktaśatebhyaścajapayuktoviśiṣyate
japayuktasahasrebhyaḥ śivajñānī viśiṣyate
śivajñāniṣulakṣeṣu dhyānayukto viśiṣyate
dhyānayukteṣu koṭibhyaḥ samādhistho viśiṣyate
uttarottara vai śiṣṭyātpūjāyāmuttarottaram
phalaṃvaiśiṣṭyarūpañcadurvijñeyaṃmanīṣibhiḥ
tasmādvaiśivabhaktasyamahimānaṃvettikonaraḥ
śivaśaktyoḥ pūjanaṃ ca śivabhaktasya pūjanam
kuruteyonarobhaktyāsaśivaḥ śivamedhate
ya imaṃ paṭhate 'dhyāyamarthavadvedasaṃmatam
śivajñānībhavedvipraḥśivena sahamodate
śrāvayecchivabhaktāṃścaviśeṣajño manīśvarāḥ
śivaprasādaśiddhiḥ syācchivasyakṛpayā budhāḥ
Original text: Śivapurāṇa, Books 1 and 7 · Edition: Venkatesvara Steam Press, Bombay (c. 1920) · Data entry Jun Takashima · GRETIL (Göttingen) · CC BY-NC-SA 4.0