Nyāyasūtra with Vātsyāyana's Nyāyabhāṣya (with commentary) · Chapter 3

//iti vātsyāyanīye nyāyabhāṣye prathamādhyāyasya prathamāhnikam//
********************** NySBh_1,2.1 **********************
tisraḥ kathā bhavanti, vādo jalpo vitaṇḍā ceti|
tāsām---
NyS_1,2.1: pramāṇatarkasādhanopālambhaḥ siddhāntāviruddhaḥ pañcāvayavopapannaḥ pakṣapratipakṣaparigraho vādaḥ //
ekādhikaraṇasthau viruddhau dharmauṃ pakṣapratipakṣau pratyanīkabhāvāt, astyātmā nāstyātmeti|
nānādhikaraṇasthau viruddhāvapi na pakṣapratipakṣau, yathā nitya ātmā, anityā buddhiriti|
parigraho 'bhyupagamavyavasthā|
sodyayaṃ pakṣapratipakṣaparigraho vādaḥ|
tasya viśeṣaṇaṃ pramāṇatarkasādhanopālambhaḥ|
pramāṇatarkasādhanaḥ pramāṇatarkopālambhaśca|
pramāṇaistarkaṇa ca sādhanamupālambhaścāsmin kriyata iti|
sādhanaṃ sthāpanā|
upālambhaḥ pratiṣadhaḥ|
tau sādhanopālambhau ubhayorapi pakṣayorvyatiṣaktāvanubaddhau ca tāvad yāvadeko nivṛtta ekataro vyavasthita iti|
nivṛttasyopālambho vyavasthitasya sādhanamiti//
jalpe nigrahasthānaviniyogādvāde tatpratiṣedhaḥ|
tatpratiṣedhe ca kasyacidabhyanujñānārthaṃ siddhāntāviruddha iti vacanam|
siddhāntamabhyupetya tadvirodhī viruddha iti viruddhasya hetvābhāsasya nigrahasthānasyābhyanujñā vāde|
pañcāvayavopapanna iti hīnamanyatamenāpyavayavena nyūnam hetudāharaṇādhikamadhikam iti caitayorabhyanujñānārthamiti//
avayaveṣu pramāṇatarkāntarbhāve pṛthak pramāṇatarkagrahaṇaṃ sādhanopalambhavyatiṣaṅgajñāpanārtham|
anyathobhāvapi pakṣau sthāpanāhetunā pravṛttau vāda iti syāt|
antareṇāpi cāvayavasaṃbandhaṃ pramāṇānyarthaṃ sādhayantīti dṛṣṭam, tenāpi kalpena sādhanopālambhau vāde bhavata iti jñāpayati|
chalajātinigrahasthānasādhanopālambho jalpa iti vacanādvinigraho jalpa iti mā vijñāyi, chalajātinigrahasthānasādhanopālambha eva jalpaḥ, pramāṇatarkasādhanopālambho vāda eveti sa mā vijñāyītyevamartha pṛthak pramāṇatarkagrahaṇamiti

********************** NySBh_1,2.2 **********************
NyS_1,2.2: yathoktopapannaḥ chalajātinigrahasthānasādhanopālambhaḥ jalpaḥ //
yathoktopapanna iti, pramāṇatarkasādhanopālambhaḥ siddhāntāviruddhaḥ pañcāvayavopapannaḥ pakṣapratipakṣaparigrahaḥ|
chalajātinigrasthānasādhanopālambha iti, chalajātinigrahasthānaiḥ sādhanamupālambhaścāsmin kriyata iti evaṃviśeṣaṇo jalpaḥ//
na khalu vai chalajātinigrahasthānaiḥ sādhanaṃ kasyacidarthasya sambhavati, pratiṣedhārthataivaiṣāṃ sāmānyalakṣaṇe viśeṣalakṣaṇe ca śrūyate vacanavighāto 'rthavikalpopattyā chalam iti, sādharmyavaigharmyābhyāṃ pratyavasthānaṃ jātiḥ
vipratipattirapratipattiśca nigrahasthānam iti|
viśeṣalakṣaṇeṣvapi yathāsvamiti|
na caitadvijānīyātpratiṣedhārthatayaivārthaṃ sādhayantīti, chalajātinigrahasathānopālambho jalpa ityevamapyucyamāne vijñāyata etaditi//
pramāṇaiḥ sādhanopālambheyīśchalajātinigrahasthānānāmaṅgabhāvaḥ svapakṣarakṣaṇārthatvāt, na svatantrāṇāṃ sādhanabhāvaḥ|
yattatpramāṇairarthasya sādhanaṃ tatra chalajātinigrasthānānāmaṅgābhāvo rakṣaṇārthatvāt|
tāni hi prayujyamānāni parapakṣavighāte svapakṣaṃ rakṣanti|
tathā coktaṃ tattvādhyavasāyasaṃrakṣaṇārthaṃ jalpavitaṇḍe bījaprarohasaṃharakṣaṇārthaṃ kaṇṭakaśākhāvaraṇavat iti|
yaścāsau pramāṇaiḥ pratipakṣasyopālambhastasya caitāni prayujyamānāni pratiṣedhabighātātsahakārīṇi bhavanti|
tadevamaṅgībhūtānāṃ chalādīnāmupādānaṃ jalpe, na svatantraṇāṃ sādhanabhāvaḥ|
upālambhe tu svātantrayamapyastīti

********************** NySBh_1,2.3 **********************
NyS_1,2.3: sa pratipakṣasthāpanāhīnaḥ vitaṇḍā //
sa jalpo vitaṇḍā bhavati|
kiṃ viśeṣaṇaḥ? pratipakṣasthāpanayā hīnaḥ|
yau tau samānādhikaraṇau viruddhau dharmauṃ pakṣapratipakṣāvityuktau tayorekataraṃ vaitaṇḍiko na sthāpayatīti parapakṣapratiṣedhenaiva pravarttata iti//
astu tarhi sa pratipakṣahīno vitaṇḍā? yadvai khalu tatparapratiṣedhalakṣaṇaṃ vākyaṃ sa vaitaṇḍikasya pakṣaḥ, na tvasau sādhyaṃ kaṃcidarthaṃ pratijñāya sthāpayatīti|
tasmādyathānyāsamevāstviti

********************** NySBh_1,2.4 **********************
hetulakṣaṇābhāvādahetavo hetusāmānyādvetuvadābhāsamānāḥ|
ta ime---
NyS_1,2.4: savyabhicāraviruddhaprakaraṇasamasādhyasamakālātītā hetvābhāsāḥ //
********************** NySBh_1,2.5 **********************
teṣām---
NyS_1,2.5: anaikāntikaḥ savyabhicāraḥ //
vyabhicāra ekatrāvyavasthitiḥ|
saha vyabhicāreṇa varttate iti savyabhicāraḥ|
nidarśanam---nityaḥ śabdo 'sparśatvāt|
sparśavān kuṃmoḥ anityo dṛṣṭaḥ|
na ca tathā sparśavān śabdaḥ|
tasmādasparśatvānnityaḥ śabda
iti|
dṛṣṭānte sparśavattvamanityatvaṃ ca dharmauṃ na sādhyasādhanabhūtau gṛhyate, sparśavāṃścāṇurnityaśceti|
ātmādau ca dṛṣṭānte udāharaṇasādharmyātsādhyasādhanaṃ hetuḥ iti asparśatvāditi heturnityatvaṃ vyabhicarati, asparśā ca buddhiranityā ceti|
evaṃ dvividhāpi dṛṣṭānte vyabhicārātsādhyasādhanabhāvo nāstīti lakṣaṇābhāvādaheturiti//
nityatvamapyeko 'ntaḥ|
anityatvamapyeko 'ntaḥ|
ekasminnante vidyata iti aikāntiko viparyayādanaikānitakaḥ, ubhāyāntavyāpakatvāditi

********************** NySBh_1,2.6 **********************
NyS_1,2.6: siddhāntam abhyupetya tadvirodhī viruddhaḥ //
taṃ viruṇaddhīti tadvirodhī, abhyupetaṃ siddhāntaṃ vyāhantīti|
yathā so 'yaṃ vikāro vyakterapaiti nityatvapratiṣedhāt, na nityo vikāra upapadyate|
apeto 'pi vikāro 'sti vināśapratiṣedhāt|
so 'yaṃ nityatvapratiṣedhāditi heturvyakterapeto 'pi vikāro 'stītyanena svasiddhāntena virudhyate|
katham? vyaktirātmalābhaḥ|
upāyaḥ pracyutiḥ|
yadyātmalābhātpracyuto vikāro 'sti, nityatvapratiṣedhau nopapadyate|
yadvyakterapetasyāpi vikārasyāstitvam, tat khalu nityatvamiti|
nityatvapratiṣedho nāma vikārasyātmalābhātpracyuteḥ upapattiḥ|
yadātmalābhātpracyavate tadanityaṃ dṛṣṭam|
yadasti na tadātmalābhātpracyavate|
astitvaṃ cātmalābhāpracyutiriti ca viruddhāvetau dhamau na saha sambhavata iti|
so 'yaṃ heturyaṃ siddhāntamāśritya pravarttate tameva vyāhantīti

********************** NySBh_1,2.7 **********************
NyS_1,2.7: yasmāt prakaraṇacintā saḥ nirṇayārthamapadiṣṭaḥ prakaraṇasamaḥ //
vimarśādhiṣṭhānau pakṣapratipakṣāvubhāvanavasitau prakaraṇam|
tasya cintā vimarśātprabhṛti prāṅnirṇayādyatsamīkṣaṇam,
sā jijñāsā yatkṛtā sa nirṇayārthaṃ prayukta ubhayapakṣasāmyāt prakaraṇamanativartamānaḥ prakaraṇasamo nirṇayāya na prakalpate|
prajñāpanaṃ tvanityaḥ śabdo nityadharmānupalabdherityanupalabhyamānanityadharmakamanityaṃ dṛṣṭaṃ sthālyādi//
yantra samāno dharmaḥ saṃśayakāraṇaṃ hetutvenopādīyate, sa saṃśayasamaḥ savyabhicāra eva|
yā tu vimarśasya viśeṣāpekṣitā ubhayapakṣaviśeṣānupalabdhiśca sā prakaraṇaṃ pravartayati|
yathā śabde nityadharmo nopalabhyate evamanityadharmaḥ api|
seyamubhayapakṣaviśeṣānupalabdhiḥ prakaraṇacintāṃ pravartayati|
katham? viparyaye hi prakaraṇanivṛtteḥ|
yadi nityadharmaḥ śabde gṛhyeta, na syātprakaraṇam|
yadi vā anityadharmo gṛhyeta, evamapi nivartteta prakaraṇam|
so 'yaṃ heturubhau pakṣau pravartayannanyatarasya nirṇayāya na prakalpate

********************** NySBh_1,2.8 **********************
NyS_1,2.8: sādhyāviśiṣṭaḥ sādhyatvāt sādhyasamaḥ //
dravyaṃ chāyeti sādhyam, gatimattvāditi hetuḥ|
sādhyenāviśiṣṭaḥ sādhanīyatvāt sādhyasamaḥ|
ayamapyasiddhatvātsādhayavatprajñāpayitavyaḥ|
sādhyaṃ tāvadetat---kiṃ puruṣavacchāyāpi gacchati āho svidāvarakadravye saṃsarpati āvaraṇasantānādasannidhisantāno 'yaṃ tejaso gṛhyata iti|
sarpatā khalu dravyeṇa yo yastejobhāga āvriyate tasya tasyāsannidhirevāvicchinno gṛhyata iti|
āvaraṇaṃ tu prāptipratiṣedhaḥ

********************** NySBh_1,2.9 **********************
NyS_1,2.9: kālātyayāpadiṣṭaḥ kālātītaḥ //
kālātyayena yukto yasyārthaikadeśo 'padiśyamānasya sa kālātyayāpadiṣṭaḥ kālātīta ityucyate|
nidarśanam nityaḥ śabdaḥ saṃyogavyaṅgyatvāda rūpavat|
prāgūrddhaṃ ca vyakteravasthitaṃ rūpaṃ pradīpaghaṭasaṃyogena vyajyate, tathā ca śabdo 'pyavasthito bherīdaṇḍasaṃyogena vyajyate, dāruparaśusaṃyogena vā|
tasmātsaṃyogavyaṅgyatvānnityaḥ śabda ityayamahetuḥ kālātyayāpadeśāt|
vyañjakasya saṃyogasya kālaṃ na vyaṅgyasya rūpasya vyaktiratyeti|
sati pradīpasaṃyoge rūpasya grahaṇaṃ bhavati, na nivṛtte saṃyoge rūpaṃ gṛhyate|
nivṛtte tu dāruparaśusaṃyoge dūrasthena śabdaḥ śrūyate vibhāgakāle|
seyaṃ śabdasya vyaktiḥ|
saṃyogakālam atyetīti na saṃyoganimittā bhavati|
kasmāt? kāraṇābhāvāddhi kāryābhāva iti|
evamudāharaṇasādharmyasyābhāvādasādhanamayaṃ heturhetvābhāsa iti/
avayavaviparyāsavacanaṃ na sūtrārthaḥ|
kasmāt?
yasya yenārthasambandho dūrasthasyāpi tasya saḥ/
arthato hyasamarthānāmānantaryamakāraṇam//
ityetadvacanādviparyāsenokto heturudāharaṇasādharmyāttathā vaidharmyātsādhyasādhanaṃ hetulakṣaṇa na jahāti|
ajahaddhetulakṣaṇaṃ na hetvābhāso bhavatīti//
avayavaviparyāsavacanamaprāpatakālam iti ca nigrahasthānamuktam|
tadevedaṃ punarucyate iti, atastanna sūtrārthaḥ

********************** NySBh_1,2.10 **********************
atha chalam---
NyS_1,2.10: vacanavidhāto 'rthavikalpopatyā chalam //
na sāmānyalakṣaṇe chalaṃ śakyamudāhartum, vibhāge tūdāharaṇāni

********************** NySBh_1,2.11 **********************
vibhāgaśca,
NyS_1,2.11: tat trividhaṃ vākchalaṃ sāmānyacchalamupacāracchalaṃ ca //
********************** NySBh_1,2.12 **********************
teṣām---
NyS_1,2.12: aviśeṣābhihite 'rthe vakturabhiprāyādarthānatarakalpanā vākchalam //
navakambalo 'yaṃ māṇavaka iti prayogaḥ|
atra navaḥ kambalo 'syeti vakturābhiprāyaḥ|
vigrahe tu viśeṣo, na samāse|
tatrāyaṃ chalavādī vaktuḥ abhiprāyādavivakṣitamanyamarthaṃ nava kambalā asyeti tāvadabhihitaṃ bhavateti kalpayati|
kalpayitvā cāsambhavena pratiṣedhati, eko 'sya kambalaḥ kuto nava kambalā iti|
tadidaṃ sāmānyaśabde vāci nimitte chalaṃ vākchalamiti//
asya pratyavasthānam---sāmānyaśabdasyānekārthatve 'nyatarābhidhānakalpanāyāṃ viśeṣavacanam|
navakambala ityanekārthābhidhānam, navaḥ kambalo 'syeti, nava kambalā asyeti ca|
etasminprayukte yeyaṃ kalpanā navakambalā asyetyetad bhavatābhihitam, tacca na sambhavatīti|
etasyāmanyatarābhidhānakalpanāyāṃ viśeṣo vaktavyaḥ,
yasmādviśeṣo 'rthaviśeṣeṣu vijñāyate 'yamartho 'nenābhihita iti|
sa ca viśeṣo nāsti, tasmānmithyābhiyogamātrametaditi//
prasaddhiśca loke śabdārthasambandho 'bhidhānābhidheyaniyamaniyogaḥ|
asyābhidhānasyāyamartho 'bhidhena iti samānaḥ sāmānyaśabdasya, viśeṣo viśiṣṭaśabdasya|
prayuktapūrvāśceme śabdā arthe prayujyante, nāprayuktapūrvāḥ|
prayogaścārthasampratyayārthaḥ|
arthapratyayācca vyavahāra iti|
tatraivamarthagatyarthe śabdaprayoge sāmarthyātsāmānyaśabdasya prayoganiyamaḥ|
ajāṃ grāmaṃ naya, sarpirādara, brāhmaṇaṃ bhojayeti sāmānyaśabdāḥ santo 'rthāvayaveṣu prayujyante, sāmarthyāt yatrārthakriyādeśanā sambhavati tatra pravartante nārthasāmānye, kriyādeśanāsambhavāt|
evamayaṃ sāmānyaśabdo navakambala iti yo 'rthaḥ sambhavati navaḥ kambalo 'syeti, tatra pravartate|
yasatu na sambhavati nava kambalā asyeti, tatra na pravartate|
so 'yamanupapadyamānārthakalpanayā paravākyopālambhaste na kalpata iti

********************** NySBh_1,2.13 **********************
NyS_1,2.13: sambhavato 'rthasyātisāmānyayogād asambhūtārthakalpanā sāmānyacchalam //
aho khalavasau brāhmaṇo vidyācaraṇasampanna ityukte kaścidāha sambhavati brāhmaṇe vidyācaraṇasampaditi|
asya vacanasya vidhāto 'rthavikalpopapattyā asambhūtārthakalpanayā kriyate yadi brāhmaṇe vidyācaraṇasampat sambhavati nanu vrātye 'pi sambhavet, vrātyo 'pi brāhmaṇaḥ, so 'pyastu vidyācaraṇasampannaḥ|
yadvivakṣitamarthamāpnoti cātyeti ca tadatisāmānyam|
yathā brāhmaṇatvaṃ vidyācaraṇasampadaṃ kvacidāpnoti kvacidatyetīti|
sāmānyanimittaṃ chalaṃ sāmānyacchalamiti/
asya ca pratyavasthānam---avivakṣitahetukasya viṣayānuvādaḥ praśaṃsārthatvād vākyasya|
tadatrāsaṃbhūtārthakalpanānupapattiḥ|
yathā sambhavantyasmin kṣetre śālaya iti|
anirākṛtamavivakṣitaṃ ca bījajanma|
pravṛttiviṣayastu kṣetraṃ praśasyate|
so 'yaṃ kṣetrānuvādo, nāsmin śālayo vidhīyanta iti|
bījātaṃ śālinirvṛttiḥ satī na vivakṣitā|
evaṃ sambhavati brāhmaṇe vidyācaraṇasampaditi sampadviṣayo brāhmaṇatvaṃ na sampaddhetuḥ|
na cātra heturvivakṣitaḥ|
viṣayānuvādastvayaṃ praśaṃsārthatvād vākyasya, sati brāhmaṇatve sampaddhetuḥ samartha iti|
viṣayaṃ ca praśaṃsatā vākyena yathāhetutaḥ phalanirvṛttirna pratyākhyāyate|
tadevaṃ sati vacanavidhāto 'sambhūtārthakalpanayā nopapadyata iti

********************** NySBh_1,2.14 **********************
NyS_1,2.14: dharmavikalpanirdeśe arthasadbhāvapratiṣedhaḥ upacāracchalam //
abhidhānasya dharmo yathārthaprayogaḥ|
dharmavikalpo 'nyatra dṛṣṭasyānyatra prayogaḥ|
tasya nirdeśe dharmavikalpanirdeśe|
yathā mañcāḥ krośantīti arthasadbhāvaneva pratiṣedhaḥ mañcasthāḥ puruṣāḥ krośanti, na tu mañcāḥ krośanti//
kā punaratrārthavikalpopattiḥ? anyathā prayuktasyānyathārthakalpanaṃ, bhaktyā prayoge prādhānyena kalpanam upacāraviṣayaṃ chalamupacāracchalam|
upacāro nītārthaḥ sahacaraṇādinimittena, atadbhāve tadvadabhidhānamupacāra iti//
atra samādhiḥ---prasiddhe prayoge vakturyathābhiprāyaṃ śabdārthayorabhyanujñā pratiṣedho vā na cchandataḥ|
pradhānabhūtasya śabdasya bhāktasya ca guṇabhūtasya prayoga ubhayorloke siddhaḥ|
siddhe prayoge yathā vakturabhiprāyastathā śabdārthāvanujñeyau pratiṣedhyau vā na cchandataḥ|
yadi vaktā pradhānaśabdaṃ prayuṅkte, yathābhūtasyābhyanujñā pratiṣedho vā na nchandataḥ|
atha guṇabhūtam? tadā guṇabhūtasya|
yatra tu vaktā guṇabhūtaṃ śabdaṃ prayuṅkte pradhānabhūtamabhipretya paraḥ pratiṣedhati, svamanīṣayā pratiṣedho 'sau bhavati na paropālambha iti

********************** NySBh_1,2.15 **********************
NyS_1,2.15: vākchalam evopacāracchalaṃ tad aviśeṣāt //
na vākchalādupacāracchalaṃ bhidyate, tasyāpyarthāntarakalpanāyā aviśeṣāt|
ihāpi sthānyartho guṇaśabdaḥ, pradhānaśabdaḥ sathānārtha iti kalpayitvā pratiṣidhyata iti

********************** NySBh_1,2.16 **********************
NyS_1,2.16: na tadarthāntarabhāvāt //
na vākchalamevopacāracchalaṃ tasyārthasadbhāvapratiṣedhasyārthāntarabhāvāt|
kutaḥ? arthāntarakalpanātaḥ|
anyā hyarthāntakalpanā, anyo 'rthasadbhāvapratiṣedha iti

********************** NySBh_1,2.17 **********************
NyS_1,2.17: aviśeṣe vā kiñcitsādharmyāt ekacchalaprasaṅgaḥ //
chalasya dvitvamabhyanujñāya tritvaṃ pratiṣidhyate kiṃcitsādharmyāt|
yathā cāyaṃ hetustrittvaṃ pratiṣedhati tathā
dvitvamapyabhyanujñātaṃ pratiṣedhati|
vidyate hi kiṃcitsādharmyānna nivartate, tritvamapi na nivartsyatīti

********************** NySBh_1,2.18 **********************
ata ūddham---
NyS_1,2.18: sādharmyavaidharmyābhyāṃ pratyavasthānaṃ jātiḥ //
prayukte hi hetau yaḥ prasaṅgo jāyate sā jātiḥ|
sa ca prasaṅgaḥ sādharmyavaidharmyābhyā pratyavasthānamupālambhaḥ pratiṣedha iti|
udāharaṇasādharmyāt sādhyasādhanaṃ hetuḥ ityasyodāharaṇavaidharmyeṇa pratyavasthānam|
tathā udāharaṇavaidharmyātsādhyasādhanaṃ hetuḥ ityasyodāharaṇasādharmyeṇa pratyavasthānam|
pratyanīkabhāvājjāyamāno 'rtho jātirati

********************** NySBh_1,2.19 **********************
NyS_1,2.19: vipratipattiḥ apratipattiḥ ca nigrahasthānam //
viparītā vā kutsitā vā pratipattirvipratipattiḥ|
vipratipadyamānaḥ parājayaṃ prāpnoti|
nigrahasthānaṃ khalu parājayaprāptiḥ|
apratipattistvārambhaviṣaye 'pyanārambhaḥ|
pareṇa sthāpitaṃ vā na pratiṣedhati, pratiṣedhaṃ vā noddharati|
asamāsācca naite eva nigrahasthāne iti

********************** NySBh_1,2.20 **********************
kiṃ punardṛṣṭāntavajjātinigrahasthānayorabhedo 'tha siddhāntavadbheda ityata āha---
NyS_1,2.20: tadvikalpāñjātinigrahasthānabahutvam //
tasya sādharmyavaidharmyābhyāṃ pratyavasthānasya vikalpājjātibahutvam, tayośca vipratipattyapratipattyovikalpānnigrahasthānabahuttvam|
nānākalpo vikalpaḥ|
vividho vā kalpo vikalpaḥ/
tatrānanubhāṣaṇamajñānamapratibhā vikṣepo matānujñā paryanuyojyopekṣaṇamityapratipattirnigrahasthānam|
śeṣastu vipratipattiriti//
ta ime pramāṇādayaḥ padārthā uddiṣṭā yathoddeśaṃ ca lakṣitā yathālakṣaṇaṃ ca parīkṣiṣyanta iti trividhā cāsya
śāstrasya pravṛttirveditavyeti