Manu Smriti · Chapter 12

cāturvarṇyasya kṛtsno 'yam ukto dharmas tvayānaghaḥ
karmaṇāṃ phalanirvṛttiṃ śaṃsa nas tattvataḥ parām //

sa tān uvāca dharmātmā maharṣīn mānavo bhṛguḥ
asya sarvasya śṛṇuta karmayogasya nirṇayam //

śubhāśubhaphalaṃ karma manovāgdehasaṃbhavam
karmajā gatayo nṝṇām uttamādhamamadhyamaḥ //

tasyeha trividhasyāpi tryadhiṣṭhānasya dehinaḥ
daśalakṣaṇayuktasya mano vidyāt pravartakam //

paradravyeṣv abhidhyānaṃ manasāniṣṭacintanam
vitathābhiniveśaś ca trividhaṃ karma mānasam //

pāruṣyam anṛtaṃ caiva paiśunyaṃ cāpi sarvaśaḥ
asaṃbaddhapralāpaś ca vāṅmayaṃ syāc caturvidham //

adattānām upādānaṃ hiṃsā caivāvidhānataḥ
paradāropasevā ca śārīraṃ trividhaṃ smṛtam //

mānasaṃ manasaivāyam upabhuṅkte śubhāśubham
vācā vācā kṛtaṃ karma kāyenaiva ca kāyikam //

śarīrajaiḥ karmadoṣair yāti sthāvaratāṃ naraḥ
vācikaiḥ pakṣimṛgatāṃ mānasair antyajātitām //

vāgdaṇḍo 'tha manodaṇḍaḥ kāyadaṇḍas tathaiva ca
yasyaite nihitā buddhau tridaṇḍīti sa ucyate //

tridaṇḍam etan nikṣipya sarvabhūteṣu mānavaḥ
kāmakrodhau tu saṃyamya susaṃyamya tataḥ siddhiṃ niyacchati nigacchati //

yo 'syātmanaḥ kārayitā taṃ kṣetrajñaṃ pracakṣate
yaḥ karoti tu karmāṇi sa bhūtātmocyate budhaiḥ //

jīvasaṃjño 'ntarātmānyaḥ sahajaḥ sarvadehinām
yena vedayate sarvaṃ sukhaṃ duḥkhaṃ ca janmasu //

tāv ubhau bhūtasaṃpṛktau mahān kṣetrajña eva ca
uccāvaceṣu bhūteṣu sthitaṃ taṃ vyāpya tiṣṭhataḥ //

asaṃkhyā mūrtayas tasya niṣpatanti śarīrataḥ
uccāvacāni bhūtāni satataṃ ceṣṭayanti yāḥ //

pañcabhya eva mātrābhyaḥ bhūtebhyaḥ pretya duṣkṛtināṃ nṛṇām
śarīraṃ yātanārthīyam anyad utpadyate dhruvam //

tenānubhūya tā yāmīḥ śarīreṇeha yātanāḥ
tāsv eva bhūtamātrāsu pralīyante vibhāgaśaḥ //

so 'nubhūyāsukhodarkān doṣān viṣayasaṅgajān
vyapetakalmaṣo 'bhyeti tāv evobhau mahaujasau //

tau dharmaṃ paśyatas tasya pāpaṃ cātandritau saha
yābhyāṃ prāpnoti saṃpṛktaḥ pretyeha ca sukhāsukham //

yady ācarati yathācarati dharmaṃ sa prāyaśo 'dharmam alpaśaḥ
tair eva cāvṛto bhūtaiḥ svarge sukham upāśnute //

yadi tu prāyaśo 'dharmaṃ sevate dharmam alpaśaḥ
tair bhūtaiḥ sa parityakto yāmīḥ prāpnoti yātanāḥ //

yāmīs tā yātanāḥ prāpya sa jīvo vītakalmaṣaḥ
tāny eva pañca bhūtāni punar apyeti bhāgaśaḥ //

etā dṛṣṭvāsya jīvasya gatīḥ svenaiva cetasā
dharmato 'dharmataś caiva dharme dadhyāt sadā manaḥ //

sattvaṃ rajas tamaś caiva trīn vidyād ātmano guṇān
yair vyāpyemān sthito bhāvān mahān sarvān aśeṣataḥ //

yo yadaiṣāṃ guṇo dehe sākalyenātiricyate
sa tadā tadguṇaprāyaṃ taṃ karoti śarīriṇam //

sattvaṃ jñānaṃ tamo 'jñānaṃ rāgadveṣau rajaḥ smṛtam
etad vyāptimad eteṣāṃ sarvabhūtāśritaṃ vapuḥ //

tatra yat prītisaṃyuktaṃ kiṃ cid ātmani lakṣayet
praśāntam iva śuddhābhaṃ sattvaṃ tad upadhārayet //

yat tu duḥkhasamāyuktam aprītikaram ātmanaḥ
tad rajo pratīpaṃ vidyāt satataṃ hāri hartṛ dehinām //

yat tu syān mohasaṃyuktam avyaktaṃ viṣayātmakam
apratarkyam avijñeyaṃ tamas tad upadhārayet //

trayāṇām api caiteṣāṃ guṇānāṃ yaḥ phalodayaḥ
agryo madhyo jaghanyaś ca taṃ pravakṣyāmy aśeṣataḥ //

vedābhyāsas tapo jñānaṃ śaucam indriyanigrahaḥ
dharmakriyātmacintā ca sāttvikaṃ guṇalakṣaṇam //

ārambharucitādhairyam asatkāryaparigrahaḥ
viṣayopasevā cājasraṃ rājasaṃ guṇalakṣaṇam //

lobhaḥ svapno 'dhṛtiḥ krauryaṃ nāstikyaṃ bhinnavṛttitā
yāciṣṇutā pramādaś ca tāmasaṃ guṇalakṣaṇam //

trayāṇām api caiteṣāṃ guṇānāṃ triṣu tiṣṭhatām
idaṃ sāmāsikaṃ jñeyaṃ kramaśo guṇalakṣaṇam //

yat karma kṛtvā kurvaṃś ca kariṣyaṃś caiva lajjati
taj jñeyaṃ viduṣā sarvaṃ tāmasaṃ guṇalakṣaṇam //

yenāsmin karmanā loke khyātim icchati puṣkalām
na ca śocaty asaṃpattau tad vijñeyaṃ tu rājasam //

yat sarveṇecchati jñātuṃ yan na lajjati cācaran
yena tuṣyati cātmāsya tat sattvaguṇalakṣaṇam //

tamaso lakṣaṇaṃ kāmo rajasas tv artha ucyate
sattvasya lakṣaṇaṃ dharmaḥ śraiṣṭhyam eṣāṃ yathottaram //

yena yas yāṃs tu guṇenaiṣāṃ saṃsarān pratipadyate
tān samāsena vakṣyāmi sarvasyāsya yathākramam //

devatvaṃ sāttvikā yānti manuṣyatvaṃ ca rājasāḥ
tiryaktvaṃ tāmasā nityam ity eṣā trividhā gatiḥ //

trividhā trividhaiṣā tu vijñeyā gauṇikī gatiḥ
adhamā madhyamāgryā ca karmavidyāviśeṣataḥ //

sthāvarāḥ kṛmikīṭāś ca matsyāḥ sarpāḥ sakacchapāḥ
paśavaś ca mṛgāś caiva jaghanyā tāmasī gatiḥ //

hastinaś ca turaṅgāś ca śūdrā mlecchāś ca garhitāḥ
siṃhā vyāghrā varāhāś ca madhyamā tāmasī gatiḥ //

cāraṇāś ca suparṇāś ca puruṣāś caiva dāmbhikāḥ
rakṣāṃsi ca piśācāś ca tāmasīṣūttamā gatiḥ //

jhallā mallā naṭāś caiva puruṣāḥ śastravṛttayaḥ
dyūtapānaprasaktāś ca jaghanyā rājasī gatiḥ //

rājānaḥ kṣatriyāś caiva rājñāṃ caiva purohitāḥ
vādayuddhapradhānāś ca madhyamā rājasī gatiḥ //

gandharvā guhyakā yakṣā vibudhānucarāś ca ye
tathaivāpsarasaḥ sarvā rājasīṣūttamā gatiḥ //

tāpasā yatayo viprā ye ca vaimānikā gaṇāḥ
nakṣatrāṇi ca daityāś ca prathamā sāttvikī gatiḥ //

yajvāna ṛṣayo devā vedā jyotīṃṣi vatsarāḥ
pitaraś caiva sādhyāś ca dvitīyā sāttvikī gatiḥ //

brahmā viśvasṛjo dharmo mahān avyaktam eva ca
uttamāṃ sāttvikīm etāṃ gatim āhur manīṣiṇaḥ //

eṣa sarvaḥ samuddiṣṭas tri triṣ prakārasya karmaṇaḥ
trividhas trividhaḥ kṛtsnaḥ saṃsāraḥ sārvabhautikaḥ //

indriyāṇāṃ prasaṅgena dharmasyāsevanena ca
pāpān saṃyānti saṃsārān avidvāṃso narādhamāḥ //

yāṃ yāṃ yoniṃ tu jīvo 'yaṃ yena yeneha karmaṇā
kramaśo yāti loke 'smiṃs tat tat sarvaṃ nibodhata //

bahūn varṣagaṇān ghorān narakān prāpya tatkṣayāt
saṃsārān pratipadyante mahāpātakinas tv imān //

śvasūkarakharoṣṭrāṇāṃ go'jāvimṛgapakṣiṇāṃ
caṇḍālapukkasānāṃ ca brahmahā yonim ṛcchati //

kṛmikīṭapataṅgānāṃ viḍbhujāṃ caiva pakṣiṇām
hiṃsrāṇāṃ caiva sattvānāṃ surāpo brāhmaṇo vrajet //

lūtāhisaraṭānāṃ ca tiraścāṃ cāmbucāriṇām
hiṃsrāṇāṃ ca piśācānāṃ steno vipraḥ sahasraśaḥ //

tṛṇagulmalatānāṃ ca kravyādāṃ daṃṣṭriṇām api
krūrakarmakṛtāṃ caiva śataśo gurutalpagaḥ //

hiṃsrā bhavanti kravyādāḥ kṛmayo 'medhyabhakṣiṇaḥ
parasparādinaḥ stenāḥ pretyāntyastrīniṣeviṇaḥ //

saṃyogaṃ patitair gatvā parasyaiva ca yoṣitam
apahṛtya ca viprasvaṃ bhavati brahmarākṣasaḥ //

maṇimuktāpravālāni hṛtvā lobhena mānavaḥ
vividhāṇi ca ratnāni jāyate hemakartṛṣu //

dhānyaṃ hṛtvā bhavaty ākhuḥ kāṃsyaṃ haṃso jalaṃ plavaḥ
madhu daṃśaḥ payaḥ kāko rasaṃ śvā nakulo ghṛtam //

māṃsaṃ gṛdhro vapāṃ madgus tailaṃ tailapakaḥ khagaḥ
cīrīvākas tu lavaṇaṃ balākā śakunir dadhi //

kauśeyaṃ tittirir hṛtvā kṣaumaṃ hṛtvā tu darduraḥ
kārpāsatāntavaṃ krauñco godhā gāṃ vāggudo guḍam //

chucchundariḥ chucchundarīḥ śubhān gandhān patraśākaṃ tu barhiṇaḥ
śvāvit kṛtānnaṃ vividham akṛtānnaṃ tu śalyakaḥ //

bako bhavati hṛtvāgniṃ gṛhakārī hy upaskaram
raktāni hṛtvā vāsāṃsi jāyate jīvajīvakaḥ //

vṛko mṛgebhaṃ vyāghro 'śvaṃ phalamūlaṃ tu markaṭaḥ
strīm ṛkṣaḥ stokako vāri yānāny uṣṭraḥ paśūn ajaḥ //

yad vā tad vā paradravyam apahṛtya balān naraḥ
avaśyaṃ yāti tiryaktvaṃ jagdhvā caivāhutaṃ haviḥ //

striyo 'py etena kalpena hṛtvā doṣam avāpnuyuḥ
eteṣām eva jantūnāṃ bhāryātvam upayānti tāḥ //

svebhyaḥ svebhyas tu karmabhyaś cyutā varṇā hy anāpadi
pāpān saṃsṛtya saṃsārān preṣyatāṃ yānti śatruṣu dasyuṣu //

vāntāśy ulkāmukhaḥ preto vipro dharmāt svakāc cyutaḥ
amedhyakuṇapāśī ca kṣatriyaḥ kaṭapūtanaḥ kūṭapūtanaḥ //

maitrākṣajyotikaḥ maitrākṣijyotikaḥ preto vaiśyo bhavati pūyabhuk
cailāśakaś ca bhavati śūdro dharmāt svakāc cyutaḥ //

yathā yathā niṣevante viṣayān viṣayātmakāḥ
tathā tathā kuśalatā teṣāṃ teṣūpajāyate //

te 'bhyāsāt karmaṇāṃ teṣāṃ pāpānām alpabuddhayaḥ
saṃprāpnuvanti duḥkhāni tāsu tāsv iha yoniṣu //

tāmisrādiṣu cogreṣu narakeṣu vivartanam
asipatravanādīni bandhanachedanāni ca //

vividhāś caiva saṃpīḍāḥ kākolūkaiś ca bhakṣaṇam
karambhavālukātāpān kumbhīpākāṃś ca dāruṇān //

saṃbhavāṃś ca viyonīṣu duḥkhaprāyāsu nityaśaḥ
śītātapābhighātāṃś ca vividhāni bhayāni ca //

asakṛd garbhavāseṣu vāsaṃ janma ca dāruṇam
bandhanāni ca kāṣṭhāni kaṣṭāni parapreṣyatvam eva ca //

bandhupriyaviyogāṃś ca saṃvāsaṃ caiva durjanaiḥ
dravyārjanaṃ ca nāśaṃ ca mitrāmitrasya cārjanam //

jarāṃ caivāpratīkārāṃ vyādhibhiś copapīḍanam
kleśāṃś ca vividhāṃs tāṃs tān mṛtyum eva ca durjayam //

yādṛśena tu bhāvena yad yat karma niṣevate
tādṛśena śarīreṇa tat tat phalam upāśnute //

eṣa sarvaḥ samuddiṣṭaḥ karmaṇāṃ vaḥ phalodayaḥ
naiḥśreyasakaraṃ karma viprasyedaṃ nibodhata //

vedābhyāsas tapo jñānam indriyāṇāṃ ca saṃyamaḥ
ahiṃsā gurusevā ca niḥśreyasakaraṃ param //

sarveṣām api caiteṣāṃ śubhānām iha karmaṇām
kiṃ cic chreyaskarataraṃ karmoktaṃ puruṣaṃ prati //

sarveṣām api caiteṣām ātmajñānaṃ paraṃ smṛtam
tad dhy agryaṃ sarvavidyānāṃ prāpyate hy amṛtaṃ tataḥ //

ṣaṇṇām eṣāṃ tu sarveṣāṃ karmaṇāṃ pretya ceha ca
śreyaskarataraṃ jñeyaṃ sarvadā karma vaidikam //

vaidike karmayoge tu sarvāṇy etāny aśeṣataḥ
antarbhavanti kramaśas tasmiṃs tasmin kriyāvidhau //

sukhābhyudayikaṃ caiva naiḥśreyasikam eva ca
pravṛttaṃ ca nivṛttaṃ ca dvividhaṃ karma vaidikam //

iha cāmutra vā kāmyaṃ pravṛttaṃ karma kīrtyate
niṣkāmaṃ jñātapūrvaṃ tu nivṛttam upadiśyate //

pravṛttaṃ karma saṃsevyaṃ devānām eti sāmyatām
nivṛttaṃ sevamānas tu bhūtāny atyeti pañca vai //

sarvabhūteṣu cātmānaṃ sarvabhūtāni cātmani
samaṃ paśyann ātmayājī svārājyam adhigacchati //

yathoktāny api karmāṇi parihāya dvijottamaḥ
ātmajñāne śame ca syād vedābhyāse ca yatnavān //

etad dhi janmasāphalyaṃ brāhmaṇasya viśeṣataḥ
prāpyaitat kṛtakṛtyo hi dvijo bhavati nānyathā //

pitṛdevamanuṣyāṇāṃ vedaś cakṣuḥ sanātanam
aśakyaṃ cāprameyaṃ ca vedaśāstram iti sthitiḥ //

yā vedabāhyāḥ smṛtayo śrutayo yāś ca kāś ca kudṛṣṭayaḥ
sarvās tā niṣphalāḥ pretya tamoniṣṭhā hi tāḥ smṛtāḥ //

utpadyante cyavante ca vinaśyanti yāny ato 'nyāni kāni cit
tāny arvākkālikatayā niṣphalāny anṛtāni ca //

cāturvarṇyaṃ trayo lokāś catvāraś cāśramāḥ pṛthak
bhūtaṃ bhavyaṃ bhavad bhaviṣyaṃ ca sarvaṃ vedāt prasidhyati //

śabdaḥ sparśaś ca rūpaṃ ca raso gandhaś ca pañcamaḥ
vedād eva prasūyante prasūtir guṇakarmataḥ //

bibharti sarvabhūtāni vedaśāstraṃ sanātanam
tasmād etat paraṃ manye yaj jantor asya sādhanam //

senāpatyaṃ saināpatyaṃ ca rājyaṃ ca daṇḍanetṛtvam eva ca
sarvalokādhipatyaṃ ca vedaśāstravid arhati //

yathā jātabalo vahnir dahaty ārdrān api drumān
tathā dahati vedajñaḥ karmajaṃ doṣam ātmanaḥ //

vedaśāstrārthatattvajño yatra tatrāśrame vasan
ihaiva loke tiṣṭhan sa brahmabhūyāya kalpate //

ajñebhyo granthinaḥ śreṣṭhā granthibhyo dhāriṇo varāḥ
dhāribhyo jñāninaḥ śreṣṭhā jñānibhyo vyavasāyinaḥ //

tapo vidyā ca viprasya niḥśreyasakaraṃ param
tapasā kilbiṣaṃ hanti vidyayāmṛtam aśnute //

pratyakṣaṃ cānumānaṃ ca śāstraṃ ca vividhāgamam
trayaṃ suviditaṃ kāryaṃ dharmaśuddhim abhīpsatā //

ārṣaṃ dharmopadeśaṃ ca vedaśāstrāvirodhinā
yas tarkeṇānusaṃdhatte sa dharmaṃ veda netaraḥ //

naiḥśreyasam idaṃ karma yathoditam aśeṣataḥ
mānavasyāsya śāstrasya rahasyam upadiśyate upadekṣyate //

anāmnāteṣu dharmeṣu kathaṃ syād iti ced bhavet
yaṃ śiṣṭā brāhmaṇā brūyuḥ sa dharmaḥ syād aśaṅkitaḥ //

dharmeṇādhigato yais tu vedaḥ saparibṛṃhaṇaḥ
te śiṣṭā brāhmaṇā jñeyāḥ śrutipratyakṣahetavaḥ //

daśāvarā vā pariṣad yaṃ dharmaṃ parikalpayet
tryavarā vāpi vṛttasthā taṃ dharmaṃ na vicālayet //

traividyo hetukas tarkī nairukto dharmapāṭhakaḥ
trayaś cāśramiṇaḥ pūrve pariṣat syād daśāvarā //

ṛgvedavid yajurvic ca sāmavedavid eva ca
tryavarā pariṣaj jñeyā dharmasaṃśayanirṇaye //

eko 'pi vedavid dharmaṃ yaṃ vyavasyed dvijottamaḥ
sa vijñeyaḥ paro dharmo nājñānām udito 'yutaiḥ //

avratānām amantrāṇāṃ jātimātropajīvinām
sahasraśaḥ sametānāṃ pariṣattvaṃ na vidyate //

yaṃ vadanti tamobhūtā mūrkhā dharmam atadvidaḥ
tatpāpaṃ śatadhā bhūtvā tadvaktṝn anugacchati //

etad vo 'bhihitaṃ sarvaṃ niḥśreyasakaraṃ param
asmād apracyuto vipraḥ prāpnoti paramāṃ gatim //

evaṃ sa bhagavān devo lokānāṃ hitakāmyayā
dharmasya paramaṃ guhyaṃ mamedaṃ sarvam uktavān //

sarvam ātmani saṃpaśyet sac cāsac ca samāhitaḥ
sarvaṃ hy ātmani saṃpaśyan nādharme kurute manaḥ matim //

ātmaiva devatāḥ sarvāḥ sarvam ātmany avasthitam
ātmā hi janayaty eṣāṃ karmayogaṃ śarīriṇām //

khaṃ saṃniveśayet kheṣu ceṣṭanasparśane 'nilam
paktidṛṣṭyoḥ paraṃ tejaḥ snehe 'po gāṃ ca mūrtiṣu //

manasīnduṃ diśaḥ śrotre krānte viṣṇuṃ bale haram
vācy agniṃ mitram utsarge prajane ca prajāpatim //

praśāsitāraṃ sarveṣām aṇīyāṃsam aṇor api
rukmābhaṃ svapnadhīgamyaṃ vidyāt taṃ puruṣaṃ param //

etam eke vadanty agniṃ manum anye prajāpatim
indram eke pare prāṇam apare brahma śāśvatam //

eṣa sarvāṇi bhūtāni pañcabhir vyāpya mūrtibhiḥ
janmavṛddhikṣayair nityaṃ saṃsārayati cakravat //

evaṃ yaḥ sarvabhūteṣu paśyaty ātmānam ātmanā
sa sarvasamatām etya brahmābhyeti paraṃ padam //

ity etan mānavaṃ śāstraṃ bhṛguproktaṃ paṭhan dvijaḥ
bhavaty ācāravān nityaṃ yatheṣṭāṃ prāpnuyād gatim //