Chandogya Upanishad (with commentary) · Chapter 1.1

oṃ
sāmavedīyā
chāndogyopaniṣat
atha prathamo 'dhyāyaḥ
āpyāyantu mamāṅgāni vākprāṇaścakṣuḥ śrotramatho balamindriyāṇi ca sarvāṇi, sarvaṃ brahmaupaniṣadaṃ māhaṃ brahma nirākuryāṃ mā mā brahma nirākarodanirākaraṇamastvanirākaraṇaṃ me 'stu, tadātmani nirate ya upaniṣatsu dharmāste mayi santu te mayi santu //
oṃ śāntiḥ śāntiḥ śāntiḥ
śrīmacchaṅkarabhagavatpādācāryaviracitaṃ bhāṣyam upodghātaḥ-
"omityetadakṣaram" ityādyaṣṭādhyāyī chāndogyopaniṣat /
tasyāḥ saṃkṣepator'thajijñāsubhya ṛjuvivaraṇamalpagranthaśrīmannarendrapurīyatīndraviracitaṃ chāndogyopaniṣadbhāṣyaṭippaṇamidamārabhyate /
tatra sambandhaḥ- samastaṃ karmādhigataṃ prāṇādidevatāvijñānasahitamarcirādimārgeṇa brahmalokapratipattikāraṇam /
kevalaṃ ca dhūmādimārgeṇa candralokapratipattikāraṇam /
svabhāvapravṛttānāṃ ca mārgadvayaparibhraṣṭānāṃ kaṣṭādhogatiruktā /
na cobhayormārgayoranyatarasminnapi mārge ātyantikī puruṣārthasiddhirityataḥ karmanirapekṣamadvaitātmavijñānaṃ saṃsāragatitrayahetūpamardena vaktavyamityupaniṣadārabhyate /
na cādvaitātmavijñānādanyatrā'tyantikī niḥśreyasaprāptiḥ /
vakṣyati hi-"atha ye 'myathāto viduranyarājānaste kṣayyalokā bhavanti" /
viparyaye ca"sa svarāḍbhavati"iti /
tathā dvaitaviṣayānṛtābhisandhasya bandhanaṃ taskarasyeva taptaparaśugrahaṇe bandhadāhabhāvaḥ, saṃsāraduḥkhaprāptiścetyuktvādvaitātmasatyābhisandhasyātaskarasyeva taptaparaśugrahaṇe bandhadāhābhāvaḥ saṃsāraduḥkhanivṛttirmokṣaśceti /
ata eva na karmasahabhāv.dvaitātmadarśanam /
kriyākārakaphalabhedopamardena"sadekamevādvitīyam" "ātmaivedaṃ sarvam" ityevamādivākyajanitasya bādhakapratyayānupapatteḥ /
karmavidhipratyaya iti cet /
na /
kartṛbhoktṛsvabhāvavijñānavatastajjanitakarmaphalarāgadveṣādidoṣavataśca karmavidhānāt /
adhigatasakalavedārthasya karmavidhānādadvaitajñānavato 'pi karmeti cet /
na /
karmādhikṛtaviṣayasya kartṛbhoktrādijñānasya svābhāvikasya"sadekamevādvitīyam""ātmaivedaṃ sarvam" ityanenopamarditatvāt /
tasmādavidyādidoṣavata eva karmāṇi vidhīyante /
nādvaitajñānavataḥ /
ata eva hi vakṣyati-"sarva ete puṇyalokā bhavanti /
brahmasastho 'mṛtatvameti"iti /
tatraitasminnadvaitavidyāprakaraṇe 'bhyudayasādhanānyupāsanānyucyante kaivalyasannikṛṣṭaphalāni /
cādvaitādīṣadvīkṛtabrahmaviṣayāṇi ityādīni karmasamṛddhiphalāni ca karmāṅgasambandhīni /
rahasyasāmānyānmanovṛttisāmānyācca yathādvaitajñānaṃ manovṛttimātraṃ tathānyānyapyupāsanāni manovṛttirūpāṇītyasti hi sāmānyam /
kastarhyadvaitajñānasyopāsanānāṃ ca viśeṣaḥ /
ucyate /
svābhāvikasyā'tmanyakriye 'dhyāropitasya kartrādikārakakriyāphalabhedavijñānasya nivartakamadvaitavijñānam /
rajjvādāviva sarpādyadhyāropalakṣaṇajñānasya rajjvādisvarūpaniścayaḥ prakāśanimittaḥ /
upāsanaṃ tu yathāśāstrasamarpitaṃ kiñcidālambanamupādāya tasminsamānacittavṛttisantānakaraṇaṃ tadvilakṣaṇapratyayānantaritamiti viśeṣaḥ /
tānyetānyupāsanāni sattvaśuddhikaratvena vastutattvāvabhāsakatvādadvaitajñānopakārakāṇyālambanaviṣayatvāt susādhyāni ceti pūrvamupanyasyante /
tatra karmābhyāsasya dṛḍhīkṛtatvātkarmaparityāgenopāsana eva duḥkhaṃ cetaḥ samarpaṇaṃ kartṛmiti karmāṅgaviṣayameva tāvadādāvupāsanamupanyasyate /
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om ity etad akṣaram udgītham upāsīta |
om iti hy udgāyati |
tasyopavyākhyānam

ChUpBh_1,1.1 ityupodghātabhāṣyam- omityetadakṣaramudgīthamupāsīta /
omityetadakṣaraṃ paramātmano 'bhidhānaṃ nediṣṭham /
tasminhi prayujyamāne sa prasīdati priyanāmagrahaṇa iva lokaḥ /
tadihetiparaṃ prayuktamabhidhāyakatvādvyāvartitaṃ śabdasvarūpamātraṃ pratīyate /
tathā cārcādivatparasyā'tmanaḥ pratīkaṃ sampadyate /
evaṃ nāmatvena pratīkatvena ca paramātmopāsanasādhanaṃ śreṣṭhamiti sarvavedānteṣvagatam /
japakarmasvādhyāyādyanteṣu ca bahuśaḥ prayogātprasiddhamasya śraiṣṭhyam /
atastadetakṣaraṃ varṇātmakamudgīthabhaktyavayavatvādudgīthaśabdavācyamupāsīta /
karmāṅgāvayavabhūta oṅkāre paramātmapratīke dṛḍhāmaikāgryalakṣaṇāṃ matiṃ santanuyāt /
svayameva śrutiroṅkārasyodgīthaśabdavācyatve hetumāha-omiti hyudgāyati /
omityārabhya hi yasmādudgāyatyata udgītha oṅkāra ityarthaḥ /
tasyopavyākhyānaṃ tasyākṣarasyopavyākhyānamevamupāsanamevaṃvibhūtyevaṃphalamityādikathanamupavyākhyānam /
pravartata iti vākyaśeṣaḥ //1 //
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eṣāṃ bhūtānāṃ pṛthivī rasaḥ |
pṛthivyā āpo rasaḥ |
apām oṣadhayo rasaḥ |
oṣadhīnāṃ puruṣo rasaḥ |
puruṣasya vāg rasaḥ |
vāca ṛg rasaḥ |
ṛcaḥ sāma rasaḥ |
sāmna udgītho rasaḥ

ChUpBh_1,1.2 eṣāṃ carācarāṇāṃ bhūtānāṃ pṛthivī raso gatiḥ parāyaṇamavaṣṭambhaḥ /
pṛthivyā āpo raso 'psu hyotā ca protā ca pṛthivyatastā rasaḥ pṛthivyāḥ /
apāmoṣadhayo raso 'ppariṇāmatvādoṣadhīnām /
tāsāṃ puruṣo raso 'nnapariṇāmatvāt puruṣasya /
tasyāpi puruṣasya vāgrasaḥ /
puruṣāvayavānāṃ hi vāksāriṣṭhā /
ato vākpuruṣasya rasa ucyate /
tasyā api vāca ṛgrasaḥ sāratarā /
ṛcaḥ sāma rasaḥ sārataram /
tasyāpi sāmna udgīthaḥ prakṛtatvādoṅkāraḥ sārataraḥ //2 //
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sa eṣa rasānāṃ rasatamaḥ paramaḥ parārdhyo 'ṣṭamo yadudgīthaḥ

ChUpBh_1,1.3 evaṃ sa eṣa udgīthākhya oṅkāro bhūtādīnāmuttarottararasānāmatiśayena raso rasatamaḥ /
paramaḥ paramātmapratīkatvāt /
parārdhyor'dhaṃ sthānaṃ, paraṃ ca tadardhaṃ ca parārdhaṃ tadarhatīti parārdhyaḥ paramātmasthānārhaḥ paramātmavadupāsyatvādityabhiprāyaḥ /
aṣṭamaḥ pṛthivyādirasasaṃkhyāyāṃ yadudgītho ya udgīthaḥ //3 //
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katamā katama rk katamat katamat sāma katamaḥ katama udgītha iti vimṛṣṭaṃ bhavati

ChUpBh_1,1.4 vāca ṛgrasa ityuktam /
katamā sarkkatamattatsāma katamo vā sa udgīthaḥ /
katamā katameti vīpsā'darārthā /
nanu"vā bahūnāṃ jātiparipraśne ḍatamac" /
na hyatra ṛgjātibahutvaṃ kathaṃ ḍatamacprayogaḥ /
naiṣa doṣaḥ /
jātau paripraśno jātiparipraśna ityetasminvigrahe jātāvṛgvyaktīnāṃ bahutvopapatteḥ /
na tu jāteḥ paripraśna iti vigṛhyate /
nanu jāteḥ paripraśna ityasminvigrahe katamaḥ kaṭha ityādyudāharaṇamupapannaṃ jātau paripraśna ityatra tu na yujyate /
tatrāpi kaṭhādijātāveva vyaktibahitvābhiprāyeṇa paripraśna ityadoṣaḥ /
yadi jāteḥ paripraśnaḥ syātkatamā katamargityādāvupasaṃkhyānaṃ kartavyaṃ syādvimṛṣṭaṃ bhavati vimarśaḥ kṛto bhavati //4 //
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vāg evark |
prāṇaḥ sāma |
om ity etad akṣaram udgīthaḥ |
tad vā etan mithunaṃ yad vāk ca prāṇaś cark ca sāma ca

ChUpBh_1,1.5 vimarśe hi kṛte sati prativacanoktirupapannā vāgevarkprāṇaḥ sāmeti /
vāgṛcorekatve 'pi nāṣṭamatvavyāghātaḥ pūrvasmādvākyāntaratvādāptiguṇasiddhaya omityetadakṣaramudgītha iti /
vākprāṇāvṛksāmayonī iti vāgevarkprāṇaḥ sāmetyucyate /
yathākramamṛksāmayonyorvākprāṇayorgrahaṇe hi sarvāsāmṛcāṃ sarveṣāṃ ca sāmnāmavarodhaḥ kṛtaḥ syāt /
sarvarksāmāvarodhe carksāmasādhyānāṃ ca sarvakarmaṇāmavarodhaḥ kṛtaḥ syāt /
tadavarodhe ca sarve kāmā avaruddhāḥ syuḥ /
omityetadakṣaramudgītha iti bhaktyāśaṅkā vinartyate /
tadvā etaditi mithunaṃ nirdiśyate /
kiṃ tanmithunamityāha yadvākca prāṇaśca sarvaṛksāmakāraṇabhūtau mithunam /
ṛkva sāma ceti ṛksāmakāraṇāvṛksāmaśabdoktāvityarthaḥ /
na tu svatantramṛkca sāma ca mithunam /
anyathā hi vākca prāṇaścetyekaṃ mithunamṛksāma cāparaṃ mithunamiti dve mithune syātām /
tathā ca tadetanmithunamityekavacananirdeṣo 'nupapannaḥ syāt /
tasmādṛksāmayonyorvākprāṇayoreva mithunatvam //5 //
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tad etan mithunam om ity etasminn akṣare saṃsṛjyate |
yadā vai mithunau samāgacchata āpayato vai tāv anyo 'nyasya kāmam

ChUpBh_1,1.6 tadetadevaṃlakṣaṇaṃ mithunamomityetasminnakṣare saṃsṛjyate /
evaṃ sarvakāmāvāptiguṇaviśiṣṭaṃ mithunamoṅkāre saṃsṛṣṭaṃ vidyata ityoṅkārasya sarvakāmāvāptiguṇavattvaṃ prasiddham /
vāṅmayatvamoṅkārasya prāṇaniṣpādyatvaṃ ca mithunena saṃsṛṣṭatvaṃ mithunasya kāmāpayitṛtvaṃ prasiddhamiti dṛṣṭānta ucyate /
yathā loke mithunau mithunāvayavau strīpuṃsau yadā samāgacchato grāmyadharmatayā saṃyujyeyānāṃ tadā'payataḥ prāpayato 'nyonyasyetaretarasya tau kāmam /
tathā ca svātmānupraviṣṭena mithunena sarvakāmāptiguṇavattvamoṅkārasya siddhamityabhiprāyaḥ //6 //
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āpayitā ha vai kāmānāṃ bhavati ya etad evaṃ vidvān akṣaram udgītham upāste

ChUpBh_1,1.7 tadupāsako 'pyudgātā taddharmā bhavatītyāha-āpayitā ha vai kāmānāṃ yajamānasya bhavati ya etadakṣaramevamāptiguṇavadudgīthamupāste tasyaitadyathoktaṃ phalamityarthaḥ /
"taṃ yathā yathopāsate tadeva bhavati"iti śruteḥ //7 //
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tad vā etad anujñākṣaram |
yad dhi kiṃcānujānāty om ity eva tad āha |
eṣo eva samṛddhir yad anujñā |
samardhayitā ha vai kāmānāṃ bhavati ya etad evaṃ vidvān akṣaram udgītham upāste

ChUpBh_1,1.8 samṛddhiguṇavāṃścoṅkāraḥ /
katham-tadvā etatprakṛmanujñākṣaramanujñā ca sākṣaraṃ ca tat /
anujñānumatiroṅkāra ityarthaḥ /
kathamanujñetyāha śrutireva /
yaddhi kiñca yatkiñca loke jñānaṃ dhanaṃ vānujānāti vidvāndhanī vā tatrānumatiṃ kurvannomityeva tadāha /
tathā ca vede"trayastriṃśadityomiti hovāca"ityādinā /
tathā ca loke 'pi tavedaṃ dhanaṃ gṛhṇāmītyukta omityāha /
ata eṣā u evaiṣaiva samṛddhiryadanujñā yānujñā sā samṛddhistanmūlatvādanujñāyāḥ /
samṛddho hyomityanujñāṃ dadāti tasmātsamṛddhiguṇavānoṅkāra ityarthaḥ /
samṛddhiguṇopāsakatvāttaddharmā sansamardhayitā ha vai kāmānāṃ yajamānasya bhavati ya etadevaṃ vidvānakṣaramudgīthamupāsta ityādi pūrvavat //8 //
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teneyaṃ trayī vidyā vartate |
om ity āśrāvayati |
om iti śaṃsati |
om ity udgāyati |
etasyaiva akṣarasyāpacityai mahimnā rasena

ChUpBh_1,1.9 athedānīmakṣaraṃ stautyupāsyatvātprarocanārtham /
kathaṃ, tenākṣareṇa prakṛteneyamṛgvedādilakṣaṇā trayī vidyā trayīvidyāvihitaṃ karmetyarthaḥ /
na hi trayī vidyaivā'śrāvaṇādibhirvartate karma tu tathā pravartata iti prasiddham /
kathamomityāśrāvatyomiti śaṃsatyomityudgāyatīti liṅgācca somayāga iti gamyate /
tacca karmaitasyaivākṣarasyāpacityai pūjārtham /
paramātmapratīkaṃ hi tat /
tadapacitiḥ paramātmana eva sā /
"svakarmaṇā tamabhyarcya siddhiṃ vindati mānavaḥ"iti smṛteḥ /
mahimnā rasena /
kiñcaitasyaivākṣarasya mahimnā mahattvena ṛtvigyajamānādiprāṇairityarthaḥ /
tathaitasyaivākṣarasya rasena vrīhiyavādirasanirvṛttena haviṣetyarthaḥ /
yāgahomādyakṣareṇa kriyate /
taccā'dityamupatiṣṭhate /
tato vṛṣṭyādikrameṇa prāṇo 'nnaṃ ca jāyate /
prāṇairannena ca yajñastāyate /
ata ucyate 'kṣarasya mahimnā rasnti //9 //
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tenobhau kurutaḥ |
yaś caitad evaṃ veda yaś ca na veda |
nānā tu vidyā cāvidyā ca |
yad eva vidyayā karoti śraddhayopaniṣadā tad eva vīryavattaraṃ bhavatīti khalv etasyaivākṣarasyopavyākhyānaṃ bhavati