Bhagavad Gita (with commentary) · Chapter 16

iti śrīmat-paramahaṃsa-parivrājakācāryasya śrī-govinda-bhagavat-pūjya-pāda-
śiṣyasya śrīmac-chaṃkara-bhagavataḥ kṛtau śrīmad-bhagavad-gītā-bhāṣye
pañcadaśo 'dhyāyaḥ ||
BhG 16
atha daivāsura-sampad-vibhāga-yogo nāma
ṣoḍaśo 'dhyāyaḥ
(śrī-śaṅkarācārya-bhagavat-pāda-kṛta-bhāṣyam)
daivī āsurī rākṣasī ceti prāṇiṇāṃ prakṛtayo navame 'dhyāye sūcitāḥ | tāsāṃ vistareṇa pradarśanāya abhayaṃ sattva-saṃśuddhir ity ādir adhyāyaḥ ārabhyate | tatra saṃsāra-mokṣāya daivī prakṛtiḥ, nibandhāyāsurī rākṣasī ceti daivyā ādānāya pradarśanaṃ kriyate | itarayoḥ parivarjanāya ca śrī-bhagavān uvāca -
abhayaṃ sattva-saṃśuddhir jñāna-yoga-vyavasthitiḥ |
dānaṃ damaś ca yajñaś ca svādhyāyas tapa ārjavam

abhayam abhīrutā | sattva-saṃśuddhiḥ sattvasyāntaḥ-karaṇasya saṃśuddhiḥ | saṃvyavahāreṣu para-vañcanā-māyānṛtādi-parivarjanaṃ śuddha-sattva-bhāvena vyavahāra ity arthaḥ | jñāna-yoga-vyavasthitir jñānaṃ śāstrata ācāryataś ca ātmādi-padārthānām avagamaḥ | avagatānām indriyādy-upasaṃhāreṇaikāgratayā svātma-saṃvedyatāpādanaṃ yogaḥ | tayor jñāna-yogayor vyāvasthitiḥ vyavasthānaṃ tan-niṣṭhatā | eṣā pradhānā daivī sāttvikī socyate | dānaṃ yathā-śakti saṃvibhāgo 'nnādīnām | damaś ca bāhya-karaṇānām upaśamaḥ | antaḥ-karaṇasyopaśamaṃ śāntiṃ vakṣyati | yajñaś ca śrauto 'gnihotrādiḥ | smārtaś ca deva-yajñādiḥ | svādhyāya ṛg-vedādyadhyayanam adṛṣṭārtham | tapo vakṣyamāṇaṃ śārīrādi | ārjavam ṛjutvaṃ sarvadā

==============================
kiṃ ca -
ahiṃsā satyam akrodhas tyāgaḥ śāntir apaiśunam |
dayā bhūteṣv aloluptvaṃ mārdavaṃ hrīr acāpalam

ahiṃsāhiṃsanaṃ prāṇināṃ pīḍā-varjanam | satyam apriyānṛta-varjitaṃ yathā-bhūtārtha-vacanam | akrodhaḥ parair ākruṣṭasyābhihatasya vā prāptasya krodhasya upaśamanam | tyāgaḥ saṃnyāsaḥ, pūrvaṃ dānasyoktatvāt | śāntir antaḥkaraṇasyopaśamaḥ | apaiśunam apiśunatā | parasmai para-randhra-prakaṭī-karaṇaṃ paiśunam, tad-abhāvo 'paiśunam | dayā kṛpā bhūteṣu duḥkhiteṣu | aloluptvam indriyāṇāṃ viṣaya-saṃnidhāv avikriyā | mārdavaṃ mṛdutākrauryam | hrīr lajjā | acāpalam asati prayojane vāk-pāṇi-pādādīnām avyāpārayitṛtvam

==============================
kiṃ ca -
tejaḥ kṣamā dhṛtiḥ śaucam adroho nātimānitā |
bhavanti saṃpadaṃ daivīm abhijātasya bhārata

tejaḥ prāgalbhyaṃ na tvag-gatā dīptiḥ | kṣamā ākruṣṭasya tāḍitasya vāntar-vikriyānutpattiḥ | utpannāyāṃ vikriyāyām praaśamanam akrodha ity avocāma | itthaṃ kṣamāyā akrodhasya ca viśeṣaḥ | dhṛtir dehendriyeṣv avasādaṃ prāpteṣu tasya pratiṣedhako 'ntaḥ-karaṇa-vṛtti-viśeṣaḥ | yenottambhitāni karaṇāni dehaś ca nāvasīdanti | śaucaṃ dvi-vidhaṃ mṛj-jala-kṛtaṃ bāhyam ābhyantaraṃ ca mano-buddhayor nairmalyaṃ māyā-rāgādi-kāluṣyābhāvaḥ | evaṃ dvi-vidhaṃ śaucam | adrohaḥ para-jighāṃsābhāvo 'hiṃsanam | nātimānitā atyarthaṃ māno 'timānaḥ, sa yasya vidyate so 'timānī | tad-bhāvo 'timānitā | tad-abhāvo nātimānitā ātmanaḥ pūjyatātiśaya-bhāvanābhāva ity arthaḥ | bhavanty abhayādīni etad-antāni saṃpadam abhijātasya | kiṃ-viśiṣṭaṃ saṃpadam
? daivīṃ devānāṃ yā saṃpat tām abhilakṣya jātasya deva-vibhūty-arhasya bhāvi-kalyāṇasyety arthaḥ | he bhārata !

==============================
athedānīṃ āsurī saṃpad ucyate -
dambho darpo 'timānaś ca krodhaḥ pāruṣyam eva ca |
ajñānaṃ cābhijātasya pārtha saṃpadam āsurīm

dambho dharma-dhvajitvam | darpo vidyā-dhana-svajanādi-nimitta utsekaḥ | atimānaḥ pūrvoktaḥ | krodhaś ca | pāruṣyam eva ca paruṣa-vacanam | yathā kāṇam cakṣuṣmān, virūpaṃ rūpavān, hīnābhijanam uttamābhijana ity ādi | ajñānaṃ cāviveka-jñānaṃ kartavyākartavyādi-viṣaya-mithyā-pratyayaḥ | abhijātasya pārtha | kim-abhijātasyety āha - saṃpadam āsurīm asurāṇāṃ saṃpat āsurī tām abhijātasya ity arthaḥ

==============================
anayoḥ saṃpadoḥ kāryam ucyate -
daivī saṃpad vimokṣāya nibandhāyāsurī matā |
mā śucaḥ saṃpadaṃ daivīm abhijāto 'si pāṇḍava

daivī saṃpat yā sā vimokṣāya saṃsāra-bandhanāt | nibandhāya niyato bandho nibandhas tad-artham āsurī saṃpat matā abhipretā | tathā rākṣasī ca | tatraivam ukte saty ar junasyāntar-gataṃ bhāvam kim aham āsura-saṃpad-yuktaḥ ? kiṃ vā daiva-saṃpad-yuktaḥ ? ity evam ālocanā-rūpam ālakṣya āha bhagavān - mā śucaḥ śokaṃ mā kārṣīḥ | saṃpadaṃ daivīm abhijāto 'sy abhilakṣya jāto 'si | bhāvi-kalyāṇas tvam asīty arthaḥ | he pāṇḍāva

==============================
dvau bhūta-sargau loke 'smin daiva āsura eva ca |
daivo vistaraśaḥ prokta āsuraṃ pārtha me śṛṇu

dvau dvi-saṃkhyākau bhūta-sargau bhūtānāṃ manuṣyāṇāṃ sargau sṛṣṭī bhūta-sargau sṛjyeteti sargau bhūtāny eva sṛjyamānāni daivāsura-saṃpad-dvaya-yuktānīti dvau bhūta-sargāv ity ucyate | dvayā ha vai prājāpatyā devāś cāsurā ca [BAU 1.3.1] iti śruteḥ | loke 'smin, saṃsāra ity arthaḥ | sarveṣāṃ dvaividhyopapatteḥ | kau tau bhūta-sargau ? ity ucyate - prakṛtāv eva daiva āsura eva ca | uktayor eva punar anuvāde prayojanam āha - daivo bhūta-sargo 'bhayaṃ sattva-saṃśuddhir ity ādinā vistaraśo vistara-prakāraiḥ proktaḥ kathitaḥ, na tu āsuro vistaraśaḥ | atas tat-parivarjanārtham āsuraṃ pārtha me mama vacanād ucyamānaṃ vistaraśaḥ sṛṇu avadhāraya

==============================
ā adhyāya-parisamāpter āsurī saṃpat prāṇi-viśeṣaṇatvena pradarśyate, pratyakṣī-karaṇena ca śakyate tasyāḥ parivarjanaṃ kartum iti -
pravṛttiṃ ca nivṛttiṃ ca janā na vidur āsurāḥ |
na śaucaṃ nāpi cācāro na satyaṃ teṣu vidyate

pravṛttiṃ ca pravartanaṃ yasmin puruṣārtha-sādhane kartavye pravṛttis tām, nivṛttiṃ ca etad-viparītāṃ yasmāt anartha-hetoḥ nivartitavyaṃ sā nivṛttis tāṃ ca, janā āsurā na vidur na jānanti | na kevalaṃ pravṛtti-nivṛttī eva te na viduḥ, na śaucaṃ nāpi cācāro na satyaṃ teṣu vidyate | aśaucā anācārā māyāvino 'nṛta-vādino hy āsurāḥ

==============================
kiṃ ca -
asatyam apratiṣṭhaṃ te jagad āhur anīśvaram |
aparaspara-saṃbhūtaṃ kim anyat kāma-haitukam

asatyaṃ yathā vayam anṛta-prāyās tathedaṃ jagat sarvam asatyam | apratiṣṭhaṃ ca nāsya dharmādharmau pratiṣṭhāto 'pratiṣṭhaṃ ceti | te āsurāḥ janāḥ jagad āhur anīśvaram na ca dharmādharma-sa-vyapekṣako 'sya śāsiteśvaro vidyata ity ato 'nīśvaraṃ jagad āhuḥ | kiṃ ca, aparaspara-saṃbhūtaṃ kāma-prayuktayoḥ strī-puruṣayor anyonya-saṃyogāj jagat sarvaṃ saṃbhūtam | kim anyat kāma-haitukam | kāma-hetukam eva kāma-haitukam | kim anyaj jagataḥ kāraṇam ? na kiṃcit adṛṣṭaṃ dharmādharmādi kāraṇāntaraṃ vidyate | jagataḥ kāma eva prāṇināṃ kāraṇam iti lokāyatika-dṛṣṭir iyam

==============================
etāṃ dṛṣṭim avaṣṭabhya naṣṭātmāno 'lpa-buddhayaḥ |
prabhavanty ugra-karmāṇaḥ kṣayāya jagato 'hitāḥ

etāṃ dṛṣṭim avaṣṭabhya āśritya naṣṭatmāno naṣṭa-svabhāvā vibhraṣṭa-para-loka-sādhanā alpa-buddhayo viṣaya-viṣayālpaiva buddhir yeṣāṃ te 'lpa-buddhayaḥ prabhavanti udbhavanti ugra-karmāṇaḥ krūra-karmāṇo hiṃsātmakāḥ | kṣayāya jagataḥ prabhavantīti saṃbandhaḥ || jagato 'hitāḥ śatravaḥ ity arthaḥ

==============================
te ca -
kāmam āśritya duṣpūraṃ dambha-māna-madānvitāḥ |
mohād gṛhītvāsad-grāhān pravartante 'śucivratāḥ

kāmam icchā-viśeṣam āśritya avaṣṭabhya duṣpūram aśakya-pūraṇaṃ dambha-māna-madānvitā dambhaś ca mānaś ca madaś ca dambha-māna-madās tair anvitāḥ dambha-māna-madānvitā mohād avivekato gṛhītvā upādāya asad-grāhān aśubha-niścayān pravartante loke aśuci-vratāḥ aśucīni vratāni yeṣāṃ te 'śuci-vratāḥ

==============================
kiṃ ca -
cintām aparimeyāṃ ca pralayāntām upāśritāḥ |
kāmopabhoga-paramā etāvad iti niścitāḥ

cintām aparimeyāṃ ca, na parimātuṃ śakyate yasyāś cintāyā iyattā sāparimeyā, tām aparimeyām, pralayāntāṃ maraṇāntām upāśritāḥ, sadā cintā-parā ity arthaḥ | kāmopabhoga-paramāḥ, kāmyante iti kāmā viṣayāḥ śabdādayas tad-upabhoga-paramā ayam eva paramaḥ puruṣārtho yaḥ kāmopabhoga ity evaṃ niścitātmānaḥ | etāvat iti niścitāḥ

==============================
āśā-pāśa-śatair baddhāḥ kāma-krodha-parāyaṇāḥ |
īhante kāma-bhogārtham anyāyenārtha-saṃcayān

āśā-pāśa-śatair āśaiva pāśās tac-chatair baddhāḥ niyantritāḥ santaḥ sarvata ākṛṣyamāṇāḥ, kāma-krodha-parāyaṇāḥ kāma-krodhau param ayanam āśrayo yeṣāṃ te kāma-krodha-parāyaṇāḥ | īhante ceṣṭante kāma-bhogārthaṃ kāma-bhoga-prayojanāya na dharmārtham | anyāyena para-svāpaharaṇādinety arthaḥ | kim ? artha-saṃcayān artha-pracayān

==============================
īdṛśaś ca teṣām abhiprāyaḥ -
idam adya mayā labdham idaṃ prāpsye manoratham |
idam astīdam api me bhaviṣyati punar dhanam

idaṃ dravyam adya idānīṃ mayā labdham | idaṃ cānyat prāpsye manorathaṃ manas-tuṣṭi-karam | idaṃ cāstīdam api me bhaviṣyati āgāmini saṃvatsare punar dhanaṃ tenāhaṃ dhanī vikhyāto bhaviṣyāmīti

==============================
asau mayā hataḥ śatrur haniṣye cāparān api |
īśvaro 'ham ahaṃ bhogī siddho 'haṃ balavān sukhī

asau devadattanāmā mayā hato durjayaḥ śatruḥ | haniṣye cāparān anyān varākān api | kim ete kariṣyanti tapasvinaḥ | sarvathāpi nāsti mattulyaḥ | katham ? īśvaro 'ham, ahaṃ bhogī | sarva-prakāreṇaś ca siddho 'haṃ saṃpannaḥ putraiḥ naptṛbhiḥ, na kevalaṃ mānuṣaḥ, balavān sukhī cāham eva | anye tu bhūmibhārāyāvitīrṇāḥ

==============================
āḍhyo 'bhijanavān asmi ko 'nyo 'sti sadṛśo mayā |
yakṣye dāsyāmi modiṣya ity ajñāna-vimohitāḥ

āḍhaḍḥ dhanena, abhijanavān saptapuruṣaṃ śrotriyatvādisaṃpannaḥ - tenāpi na mama tulyo 'sti kaścit | ko 'nyo 'sti sadṛśas tulyaḥ mayā ? kiṃ ca, yakṣye yāgenāpy anyān abhibhaviṣyāmi, dāsyāmi naṭādibhyaḥ, modiṣye harṣaṃ cātiśayaṃ prāpsyāmi, iti evam ajñānavimohitāḥ ajñānena vimohitāḥ vividham avivekabhāvam āpannāḥ

==============================
aneka-citta-vibhrāntā moha-jāla-samāvṛtāḥ |
prasaktāḥ kāma-bhogeṣu patanti narake 'śucau

aneka-citta-vibhrāntā ukta-prakārair anekaiś cittaiḥ vividhaṃ bhrāntāḥ aneka-citta-vibhrāntāḥ, mohajālasamāvṛtāḥ moho 'viveko 'jñānaṃ tad eva jālamiva āvaraṇātmakatvāt, tena samāvṛtāḥ | prasaktāḥ kāmabhogeṣu tatraiva niṣaṇṇāḥ santas tena upacita-kalmaṣāḥ patanti narake 'śucau vaitaraṇyādau

==============================
ātma-saṃbhāvitāḥ stabdhā dhana-māna-madānvitāḥ |
yajante nāma-yajñais te dambhenāvidhi-pūrvakam

ātmasaṃbhāvittāḥ sarvaguṇaviśiṣṭatayā ātmanaiva saṃbhāvitāḥ ātmasaṃbhāvitāḥ, na sādhubhiḥ | stabdhāḥ apraṇatātmānaḥ | dhanamānamadānvitāḥ dhananimittaḥ mānaḥ madaś ca, tābhyāṃ dhanamānamadābhyām anvitāḥ | yajante nāmayajñaiḥ nāmamātrair yajñais te dambhena dharmadhvajitayāvidhipūrvakaṃ vidhivihitāṅgetikartavyatārahitam

==============================
ahaṃkāraṃ balaṃ darpaṃ kāmaṃ krodhaṃ ca saṃśritāḥ |
mām ātma-para-deheṣu pradviṣanto 'bhyasūyakāḥ

ahaṃkāram ahaṃkaraṇam ahaṃkāraḥ | vidyamānair avidyamānaiś ca guṇair ātmany adhyāropitair viśiṣṭam ātmānam aham iti manyate, so 'haṃkāro 'vidyākhyaḥ kaṣṭatamaḥ sarva-doṣāṇāṃ mūlaṃ sarvānartha-pravṛttīnāṃ ca, tam | tathā balaṃ parābhibhava-nimittaṃ kāma-rāgānvitam | darpaṃ darpo nāma yasya udbhave dharmam atikrāmati so 'yam antaḥkaraṇāśrayo doṣa-viśeṣaḥ | kāmaṃ stry-ādi-viṣayam | krodham aniṣṭa-viṣayam | etān anyāṃś ca mahato doṣān saṃśritāḥ | kiṃ ca te mām īśvaram ātma-para-deheṣu sva-dehe para-deheṣu ca tad-buddhi-karma-sākṣi-bhūtaṃ māṃ pradviṣantaḥ, mac-chāsanātivartitvaṃ pradveṣaḥ, taṃ kurvanto 'bhyasūyakāḥ san-mārga-sthānāṃ guṇeṣu asahamānāḥ

==============================
tān ahaṃ dviṣataḥ krūrān saṃsāreṣu narādhamān |
kṣipāmy ajasram aśubhān āsurīṣv eva yoniṣu

tān ahaṃ sanmārgapratipakṣabhūtān sādhudveṣiṇo dviṣataś ca māṃ krūrān saṃsāreṣu evānekanarakasaṃsaraṇamārgeṣu narādhamān adharmadoṣavattvāt kṣipāmi prakṣipāmy ajasraṃ saṃtatam aśubhān aśubhakarmakāriṇaḥ āsurīṣveva krūra-karma-prāyāsu vyāghraṆsahādiyoniṣu kṣipāmītyanena saṃbandhaḥ

==============================
āsurīṃ yonim āpannā mūḍhā janmani janmani |
mām aprāpyaiva kaunteya tato yānty adhamāṃ gatim

āsurīṃ yonim āpannāḥ pratipannāḥ mūḍhāḥ avivekino janmani janmani pratijanma tamobahulāsveva yoniṣu jāyamānāḥ adho gacchanto mūḍhāḥ mām īśvaram aprāpyānāsādya eva he kaunteya, tatas tasmādapi yānty adhamāṃ gatiṃ nikṛṣṭatamāṃ gatim | mām aprāpyaiveti na mat-prāptau kācid api āśaṅkāsti, ataḥ macchiṣṭasādhumārgam aprāpya ity arthaḥ

==============================
sarvasyā āsuryāḥ saṃpadaḥ saṃkṣepo 'yam ucyate, yasmin trividhe sarvaḥ āsurīsaṃpadbhedo 'nanto 'py antarbhavati | yatparihāreṇa parihṛtaś ca bhavati, yat mūlaṃ sarvasyānarthasya, tat etad ucyate -
tri-vidhaṃ narakasyedaṃ dvāraṃ nāśanam ātmanaḥ |
kāmaḥ krodhas tathā lobhas tasmād etat trayaṃ tyajet

trividhaṃ triprakāraṃ narakasya prāptāv idaṃ dvāraṃ nāśanam ātmanaḥ, yat dvāraṃ praviśanneva naśyati ātmā | kasmaicit puruṣārthāya yogyo na bhavatītyetat, atar ucyate dvāraṃ nāśanam ātmanaḥ iti | kiṃ tat ? kāmaḥ krodhas tathā lobhaḥ | tasmāt etat trayaṃ tyajet | yataḥ etat dvāraṃ nāśanam ātmanas tasmāt kāmāditrayametat tyajet

==============================
tyāga-stutir iyam -
etair vimuktaḥ kaunteya tamo-dvārais tribhir naraḥ |
ācaraty ātmanaḥ śreyas tato yāti parāṃ gatim

etaiḥ vimuktaḥ kaunteya tamo-dvārais tamaso narakasya duḥkha-mohātmakasya dvārāṇi kāmādayas taiḥ, etais tribhiḥ vimukto nara ācaraty anutiṣṭhati | kim ? ātmanaḥ śreyaḥ | yat-pratibaddhaḥ pūrvaṃ nācacāra, tad-apagamād ācarati | tatas tad-ācaraṇāt yāti parāṃ gatiṃ mokṣam apīti

==============================
sarvasya etasya āsurī-saṃpat-parivarjanasya śreya-ācaraṇasya ca śāstraṃ kāraṇam | śāstra-pramāṇād ubhayaṃ śakyaṃ kartum, nānyathā | ataḥ -
yaḥ śāstra-vidhim utsṛjya vartate kāma-kārataḥ |
na sa siddhim avāpnoti na sukhaṃ na parāṃ gatim

yaḥ śāstra-vidhiṃ śāstraṃ vedas tasya vidhiṃ kartavyākartavya-jñāna-kāraṇaṃ vidhi-pratiṣedhākhyam utsṛjya tyaktvā vartate kāma-kārataḥ kāma-prayuktaḥ san, na sa siddhiṃ puruṣārtha-yogyatām avāpnoti, nāpy asmin loke sukhaṃ nāpi parāṃ prakṛṣṭāṃ gatiṃ svargaṃ mokṣaṃ vā

==============================
tasmāc chāstraṃ pramāṇaṃ te kāryākārya-vyavasthitau |
jñātvā śāstra-vidhānoktaṃ karma kartum ihārhasi

tasmāt śāstraṃ pramāṇaṃ jñāna-sādhanaṃ te tava kāryākārya-vyavasthitau kartavyākartavya-vyavasthāyām | ato jñātvā buddhvā śāstra-vidhānoktaṃ -- vidhir vidhānaṃ śāstram eva vidhānaṃ śāstra-vidhānaṃ kuryān na kuryād ity evaṃ-lakṣaṇam, tena uktaṃ sva-karma yat tat kartum ihārhasi | iheti karmādhikāra-bhūmi-pradarśanārtham iti